Mark Twain’s work, Life on the Mississippi River

Literary critics admittedly point out that there are many themes which run along Mark Twain’s work, Life on the Mississippi River. However, there is always schism as some critics point out that Twain’s works were rife with thematic undertones which were mainly bereft of human ideals such as justice, equality, suffering and tragedy. These critics maintain that given Twain’s leanings towards atheism, he possesses more compunction to delve on moralist ideals. On the other hand, there are critics who point out that Mark Twain’s themes straddle both moralist and non moralist matters, irrespective of his leanings on religious matters. Nevertheless, it is lucid that humanitarian and moralist themes run along his work, Life on the Mississippi River. This paper therefore seeks to establish the veracity of this standpoint. Introduction The book entitled, Life on the Mississippi River is Mark Twain’s memoir that detailed the days he spent as a Mississippi River steamboat pilot in a period anteceding and succeeding the American Civil War. Mark Twain opens the book by giving a short description of the Mississippi River from its point of discovery by Hernando De Soto in 1542. The book continues with Mark Twain’s anecdotes relatable to Twain’s training as a steamboat pilot, according to his own words, the â€Å"cub† of an expert pilot. This book that greatly describes his affections and the science behind navigating the dynamic Mississippi River was initially published in 1876 under the title, the Old Times on the Mississippi. The fact that there are sundry and ominous themes that run deep in this book is portrayed in the fact that the second part, does not constrain itself to describing Twain’s return to travel from St. Louis to New Orleans on a steamboat after many years; but on the contrary, thematic and emotive topics akin to greed, tragedy, gullibility and bad architecture run deep in this work piece. This paper therefore takes to dwell on the themes of tragedy and greed as they run along dominantly in this book, Life in the Mississippi. First off, the theme of tragedy appears in the book’s sample of the authorâ€⠄¢s missive to his sister- in- law, Orion. The book, mentions that five days prior to the composition of this letter, an explosion occurred in a steamboat which had carried Mark Twain’s younger brother, Henry. This development that took place in Pennsylvania left Henry heavily injured. Mark Twain who would have been piloting with his brother, save for some circumstances, was in Memphis, reunited with his brother Henry two days after this explosion, and for six more days, nursed him when he succumbed, being one among the hundreds who perished in the exploitation. According to Fishkin (1998, 121), the theme of tragedy plays strongly, being depicted by the author as that which is inevitable, and as such, no effort can be concocted to avoid it. The inevitable nature of tragedy is clearly brought out by the fact that Mark Twain had a month earlier, already foreseen his brother’s death in a well detailed dream. In almost the same wavelength, the book through the author advises the readers on the way tragedy should be met. The above reality is clearly depicted by the fact that despite the pain of bereavement and guilt that bore heavily on Mark Twain’s mind, he put on a brave face, and continued to work in the river as the river pilot- a feat that was extirpated in 1861 when the American Civil War broke out. This is because the traffic within and along the Mississippi was severed. Similarly, the author depicts the normal nature by which the pain of tragedy is met. Herein, Mark Twain is left subject to intense feeling of guilt and pain, due to the feel that he did not do enough to nip his brother’s death in the bud. It is while in the midst of this emotional turmoil that Mark Twain ventures into the field of parapsychology, deviating from his former involvement in the Society for Physical Research. Kruse (1991, 75) maintains that as the author, Mark Twain does not make a dereliction of the concept and practice slavery. This book presents Missouri as a historical slave state for the South, being represented by in the Federal and Confederate governments at the time of civil war. In a sketchy depiction, Twain intimates of he and his comrades having been volunteers for the Confederacy up to closely two weeks. At the same time, it is this issue of slavery which acts as the hotbed from which the American Civil War springs. Likewise, relatable tragic concepts such as the suffering and the exploitation of the slaves who are mainly blacks comes to the attention of Union, though the South warms up to it as it remains very lucrative; as it is tantamount to free labor. Tragic it is that scarcely did many farmers and small scale industrialists see the need to accord slaves, the African Americans whom they regarded as their mere chattels, with decent domicile, sufficient victuals and proper vestments, leaving alone a pay for any work done. It is by this depiction of the contradictive lifestyle between the slave owners in Missouri and their slaves that Twain presents the tragedy of human avarice that would have human beings exploit their fellows without any remorse. In a cleverly calculated artifice to show his disdain for this exploitation through slavery and his depiction of it as a practice doomed for failure, Twain depicts this as the crux of the antithetical stance that the Unionists and Southerners had towards each other; with a war christened, The American Civil War being the culmination of this affair; the South greatly loosing and the door for the total proscription of slavery being opened (Twain, 2004, 99). Again, in a cleverly packaged stylistic approach, Twain revisits the theme of tragedy and suffering as being caused by war, even the American Civil War. It is no secret that Twain speaks of himself generatively so that in his sufferings, he has the ability to represent the painful experiences of many others. A case in point is Mark Twain’s self depiction of a youthful individual who had grown up along the precincts of the Mississippi River where he also earned his livelihood. Nevertheless, Twain’s life and means of livelihood is interfered with by the war as he is one of the many who are forced to abandon the steamboat pilot career with the advent of the war. It is only after two decades that Twain returns to the Mississippi River, only to be met with wide scale changes that have materialized in the area. At this juncture, apart from the socio- cultural changes that have taken place, the tributaries of the Mississippi River have undergone transformation too. Similarly, Mark Twain like many others returns to find remarkable persons who have all become an integral part of the nation’s forgotten history. The above situation means that forever; lives along the Mississippi River had undergone an irrevocable transformation as families remained severed from their members; while others had their professions and means of earning a living extirpated as the tributaries of the Mississippi totally changed. All these occurrences are attempts by Mark Twain to depict the tragedies that the American Civil War bequeathed the Americans- tragedies which were so pervasive, cutting across all the spheres of life: social, economic and cultural spectra (Pettit 2004, 161). In almost the same vein, the theme of avarice tampered with concepts of tragedy remains rampant in this piece of literature, with the former being seen to be the causative agent of the latter. Watkins (2004) maintains that in a picturesque manner, Twain mentions of the technological developments which were materializing in the US at the time, such as the development of the steamboat, which spurned the boat construction industry. Running concomitant with this development was the radical changes and efforts to ameliorate the railway system. Although all these developments sparked off industrial developments, the unfortunate development that came alongside this was the dingy, shoddy and substandard constrictions which Mark Twain recounts as having caused massive numbers of deaths. Twain depicts the poor and pronto constructions which were hurried through with the need to rake in quick lucre as being the prime reason behind the sad situation. Again, tragedy plays along here, as these poor constructions which were greedily hurried through, collapsed, claiming the lives of many innocent. Conclusion It is therefore clear that the theme of tragedy plays along in Twain’s book with matters akin to anthropocentricity taking the center stage. This is because, beyond the reporting of the practices which directly compromised human rights, the real need behind the writing of the novel was meant at mirroring the society so that ameliorative socio- cultural and economic practices could be welcome. At this juncture, it is therefore easy to see that core matters which are relatable to human ideals such as equality for all claim center stage in Twain’s writings.

The Scarlet Letter: Hester’s Secrets Cause Harm

The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, follows the story of Hester Prynne and her dealings with a nasty love triangle and life with the sin of adultery. Hawthorne also outlines the consequences of keeping secrets and the effects it may have on the lives of oneself and others. In this novel, Hester keeps many destructive secrets that harm more than herself and some that she should have shared before it got too late. Hester most likely believed that her secrets harmed herself and spared others pain as long as they were hers and hers alone.However, Hester’s secrets harmed many more people, including her lover Dimmesdale and her husband Chillingworth. Her secrets hurt Dimmesdale the most. When she shared that her husband was Chillingworth, he seemed almost heartbroken at the fact that she would hide such an important piece of information from him. Dimmesdale was also hurt in many ways when she withheld the identity of the father of Pearl from the community, such as ha rming himself to deal with the fact he did not come forth at court.In fact, this very act also resulted in the harm of Chillingworth. He vowed revenge because he did not know who the baby’s father was, which sent him and his health in a downward spiral. Her acts in holding these secrets were destructive in the community as well, not just harmful to a few people. The community as a whole had to deal with the shame of having an adulteress within its jurisdiction and many people were disgusted with the idea of it in the first place.To make matters worse, her secrets caused the downfall of the local minister and doctor, both of which were very esteemed. Her secrets caused Dimmesdale’s aforementioned self harm and Chillingworth’s spite towards him, which when combined sent his health downwards very quickly. He, also sharing the secret, eventually collapsed under the pressure and, in his last sermon, died. Chillingworth died as well because he had spent so much of his time and energy being evil that it impacted his health negatively, which did not mix well with his age.Now the town’s beloved doctor and minister were dead and much of the community was, understandably, distraught. These problems were caused by Hester’s secrets and could have been completely prevented if she shared them with the right people at the right times. She was right to not reveal the identity of her lover in court, as it saved Dimmesdale’s life, but she should have shared with him the identity of her husband.If she had done this right away, Dimmesdale could have avoided Chillingworth completely and not been unaware to the harm that was being done by the doctor. This may have also increased the chances that Chillingworth would remain oblivious to who Dimmesdale really was since their time together would have been severely reduced. Hester should have also shared with Pearl who Dimmesdale really was earlier on to help her understand more about her life an d their strange relationship.Perhaps Pearl could have grown up with Dimmesdale as her father after they retreated to another city, had a more normal childhood. Ultimately, Hester’s secrets harmed many. They were destructive and reckless and perhaps she should have shared some of them in a better fashion at better times. It was these secrets that caused much pain, as they do in many circumstances in life. This may have been one thing Hawthorne was trying to portray in his novel, that secrets hurt more than those who keep them.

ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING - Essay Example The in-class discussion therefore creates a friendly environment for students to be able to ask the question about the areas where they did not understand (OECD, 2010). The best thing about these discussions is that the students are able see the content from each other’s point of view thus making is easy to understand the subject matter even better. In-class presentations This assessment acts as both a formative and summative assessment because the results of the assessment are also taken into consideration during the marking of the final assessment. The students are asked to present a certain item in class at certain milestones in the learning process. The students are able to present and display their skills and the skills they have learnt. These presentations also act as a way to identify if the student has been able to understand the content. Practical assessments These are done in order to assess the student’s practical skills. This is with regards to the tools whi ch the students must learn to use in order to be able to carry out their jobs. Practical assessments help the students to be able to be able to show their practical skills on using the various machines such as broadcast cameras. These assessments are also important in identifying any areas where the student may need more training (Campbell, et al., 2012). It helps the teacher to be able to identify any areas where the class as whole or individual students may need more training. These practical assessments are also important in giving the students a hands-on on experience and also learn from each other. Written assessments Written assessments are also used in the assessments of the students. Students are given a number of topics to write about. As Matthews (2002) says, these assessments are very important in that they give the teacher an opportunity to see how the students are fairing in the class and also to see their understanding of various subject matters. The written assignment s are also very useful formative assessments not only for the assessments parts but also as a way to help the students to learn more and become more acquainted with various issues. This is because the students have to be able to research the various subjects given to them and make sure that they understand the subject matter thoroughly. The content of the students written assessments can be used to determine where the student is lacking and where the student may need more tutoring. Written assignments are also very important because they are individualistic and therefore may help in identifying the specific issues affecting the specific student (Clift & William, 1981). P3: validity and reliability of three main types of assessment methods. Discussions In-class discussions are useful as assessment methods because of a number of important issues. However, as Middlewood & Cardno (2001) says, there are some other negative issues which may affect in-class discussions and which may affect the validity as well as the effectiveness of class discussions as an assessment method. One such negative factor is the fact that some students may be better able to show their skills in discussions than others. Class discussion involves a lot of speaking and verbal arguments. Those students who may not have good verbal skills may seem not to have the right skills, and it is important for such students to be given a better way for assessment. While using class

Fall 2010 November Elections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fall 2010 November Elections - Essay Example That in itself might be a good thing. The flawed Healthcare bill is likely to be seriously amended by the Republicans. Obama tried to ram through a lot of bills that many Americans did not support. He also tried to spend his way out of the recession. This didnt work and people were very unhappy. With his stimulus bill he made a promise: Give me nearly $1 trillion to spend and I will give you more jobs. That didnt happen. The Republicans believe that a lot fewer of the solutions to the economic situation lie in the hands of government. They want the private sector to pick up the slack. The truth is that the outcome of the election may result in some deadlock but that is not necessarily a bad thing. The founding fathers were not big fans of government. They were happy to see government weakened which would allow people to make their own decisions in their own small towns. That is what we may see

The Hurricane Katrina Catastrophe Research Paper

The Hurricane Katrina Catastrophe - Research Paper Example This paper aims to discuss the statistical facts of the storm and then goes on to analyze it in terms of mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery measures. The hurricane Katrina catastrophe remains a somber reminder of the massive destructive force of nature, and the way the American nation confronted its position ‘in the eye of the storm’. â€Å"Hurricane Katrina formed over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23, 2005. The storm moved towards Florida made  landfall  between  Hallandale Beach  and  Aventura  on the morning of August 25. From there it moved on to the Gulf of Mexico, growing from a Category  3 hurricane to a Category  5 hurricane in a matter of mere hours. On Saturday, August 27, the storm reached Category  3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale becoming the third  major hurricane  of the season. It gained strength and reached Category  5 status on the morning of August 28. Katrina made two more landfalls in the region before finally confronting absorption by the frontal boundary on August 31† (Knabb et al., 2005). In particular, Katrina was one of the five horrifying hurricanes of USA that resulted in deaths of approximately 1,836 people (Knabb et al., 2005). In addition, about 700 missing people were not included in the death count. Hundreds of thousands of local residents were left homeless and unemployed. It was the most expensive hurricane in U.S history, with physical damages worth about seventy-five billion dollars. This estimate does not include the damages to the economy caused by a disruption in oil supply and export of commodities as well as disruption to the sugar and tourism industry in the affected states. â€Å"It is estimation that the total economical effect in Louisiana and Mississippi may exceed $150 billion† (Burton & Hicks, 2005). The destruction caused by such a large hurricane is inevitable. It resulted in an impact on a region of approximately 90,000 squ are miles (DHS, 2008). However, the amount of damage caused could have been reduced had there been proper preparations for such a natural disaster. The biggest tragedy occurred in New Orleans due to the failure of the levee system. This resulted in heavy flooding and as much as 80% of the city became submerged under water (DHS, 2008). Experts indicated that this failure was due to design flaws in the system along with inadequate maintenance. The blame for the failure of the levee system was assigned to â€Å"the US Army Corps of Engineers  (USACE), the designers and builders of the levee system† (U.S. House of Representatives, 2006), and a lawsuit was filed against them for failing to pay sufficient attention to public safety. In addition, certain flood gates were not closed, this carelessness resulted in further flooding. Beachfront towns suffered worse property damage where 90% of the residential areas were flooded due to lack of proper preventative methods (DHS, 2008). T he failure of the levee system is responsible for many deaths in the state of Louisiana. Max Mayfield, director of the National Hurricane Research Center stated, "I do not think anyone can tell you with confidence right now whether the levees will be topped or not, but that is obviously a very, very great concern† (Blanco, 2006). This in effect marks on of the most fundamental planning failures of the government. In the case of a typical hurricane, the plan was for the disaster relief forces to reach the affected areas by land. However, in case the

Exercise Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exercise Health - Essay Example Kumar et al in their book Pathologic basis of disease, refer to cardiovascular disease as the single greatest killer of humanity in industrialized nations, accounting for more than 5 million deaths per year. Sedentary living and the associated cardiorespiratory diseases are regarded by Bouchard and Blair as the major factors responsible for premature deaths in this century. Hypertension and obesity are the initial manifestations of disease as the body starts accumulating fats due to the lack of physical activity. Soon the blood vessels become clogged due to the deposition of fibrous plaques, leading to increased blood pressure. Canlas describes hypertension as the silent killer, because it causes extensive damage internally long before the external manifestations of the disease. It is therefore important to realize the importance of exercise and incorporate it in a daily routine to nip the problem in the bud. Fletcher et al in their statement on exercise state the fundamental role of physical activity to counter the cardiovascular accidents. According to them, exercise increases the functional capacity of the heart and reduces the myocardial oxygen demand. Exercise minimizes the chances of adverse cardiac events in normal population and in rehabilitation of patients who have survived a prior attack. Regular routine improves calcium deposition in bones, thereby increasing bone density and reducing the risk of bone break disease, osteoporosis. Siscovick et al highlight the importance of adopting a regular exercise routine in order to maintain the bone strength and flexibility especially after menopause. The effects of exercise on muscular system are evident as an improvement in endurance and power on account of resistance training. Bouchard et al propose a regular exercise routine because it ensures an adequate fat distribution over the body and the normal body mass index as well as counter the metabolic disturbances leading to the development of diabetes and abn ormal lipid profiles. Chesley et al highlight the effects of exercise when accompanied by adequate protein intake, as it helps shed excessive fat and shifts the muscle protein turn over towards the synthesis of new proteins resulting in increased lean muscle mass. As evident, the benefits of exercise are numerous and the risks are minor or limited to some exceptional cases. Care should be taken when designing the exercise plan for hypertensive people or the survivors of congestive cardiac failure as they have limited reserve of cardiac and respiratory functional capacity. Siscovick et al describe the benefits of starting from light aerobics and moving onto resistance training exercises as they prove beneficial in the long run, as manifested by increase in strength and endurance, and a lower level blood pressure. Bouchard et al also advocate this approach as a step to reduce the over all chances of recurrence of adverse cardiac events and support the fact that a carefully designed ex ercise regimen should dismisses the myth about exercise being dangerous for health. When talking about the sedentary life style in developed countries, the referred target population is the one with great jobs and the policy makers who employ masses for the tasks to be performed, while their own job is limited to sitting at the desk behind a screen to make and manage the policies and

The Audit Report and Internal Control Evaluation Essay

The Audit Report and Internal Control Evaluation - Essay Example It is the responsibility of the management of Apollo Shoes Incorporation to prepare these financial statements. We are responsible to conduct the audit of financial statements of the company and to express an opinion on the basis of audit findings. In addition to the audit we have also audited management’s assessment, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, that APOLLO SHOES, INC. maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO criteria). APOLLO SHOES’ management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of internal control over financial reporting. ... Our audit of the financial statements including examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, evaluating management’s assessment, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounti ng principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely

Stress in the Workplace, Its Signs; the Key Areas of Employee Stress Essay

Stress in the Workplace, Its Signs; the Key Areas of Employee Stress in the Workplace and Work-Life Balance - Essay Example This essay explores the several causes of stress in the workplace that may result in poor performance and other negative impacts in the workplace. These may include employees facing conditions of overwork, low levels of job satisfaction, job insecurity, and lack of autonomy and/or harassment in the course of work. Workplace stress has detrimental effects on the well-being of employees as well as an effect on health. Work-life balance refers to the policies that aim at achieving a greater complementary and equality or balance between work and various home responsibilities. The policies apply to all workers whether parenting or not. Lack of these policies would result in different forms of stress in the working environment. Failure to meet the work-life balance may result to stress in employees and may affect organizational performance. Individuals and organizations should be able to identify the stressors in workplace and design amicable solution to combat the issue. If there is an ea rly address on potential stressors, individuals and organizations may be able to alleviate the negative effects associated with stress. To handle the menace well, employees need to identify signs and possible stressors. On the other hand, managers need awareness on the effects of stress on employees and general performance of the company in terms of output. It is necessary for an individual to learn how to keep away from stress as it is necessary too for employers. A person who is subject to stress may show various signs. These signs may be inward or outward depending on the different people. Inward signs may consist of immediate body changes such as the change in heart rate, nausea, or vomiting. Other internal signs may include a feeling of anger, protest, frustration, guilt, embarrassment, memory loss, prolonged sleeplessness, and strange dreams. These indicate stress and require attention before affecting work and personal life. Outward signs are noticeable by colleagues and thos e in the managerial sector. They include increased smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug taking. Reduced performance, irritability, absenteeism, complaints about ill health and deteriorating relationship with colleagues may indicate stress.

Evaluating Democratic values of graduate students in the both Research Paper

Evaluating Democratic values of graduate students in the both government and private universities of the UAE . an Educational L - Research Paper Example The students are selected in a non-random manner from two private and two government universities in Abu Dhabi. The data is collected using a quantitative questionnaire with Likert Style questions, and the data is analysed using excel spreadsheets. The research findings indicate that overall, the students lack in appreciation of democratic values. Also, students who are older, are female and have a future plan of joining the private sector are more likely to have democratic values and imbibe them in their educational lives. It is also found that the teachers do not encourage classroom democracy and the libraries and the campus are not considered to be democratic. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Research Background 1.2 Research Questions 1.3 Research Objectives 1.4 Research Significance 1.5 Research Methods 1.6 Summary Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Democratic Values 2.3 Research on Classroom Democracy Chapter 3: Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction 3 .2 Research Approach 3.3 Research Methods 3.4 Research Design 3.4.1 Sample 3.4.2 Data Collection Method 3.4.3 Data Collection Instrument 3.4.4 Data Analysis Method 3.5 Research Validity and Reliability 3.6 Ethical Considerations 3.7 Summary Chapter 4: Findings and Analysis 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Findings 4.3 Summary Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations 5.1 Research Conclusions 5.2 Recommendations 5.3 Research Limitations and Scope for Future Research List of Tables and Figures Table 1: Age Distribution an Democratic Values Table 2: Gender and Democratic Values Figure A: Scores on democratic values Figure 1: Right to Life Figure 2: Right to Liberty Figure 3: Belief in Common Good Figure 4: Right to Justice Figure 5: Right to Equality Figure 6: Belief in Respecting Diversity Figure 7: Belief in Popular Sovereignty Figure 8: Age Distribution of Respondents Figure 9: Democratic Values and Age Figure 10: Gender and Democratic Values Figure 11: Gender Distribution of Students Figure 1 2: Gender and Democratic Values Figure 13: Plans after Graduation Figure 14: Future Plans and Democratic Values Figure 15: Enabling Active Student Participation Figure 16: Avoid using Textbook Only Instructions Figure 17: Encourage Reflective Thinking Figure 18: Encourage Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Figure 19: Discussing Controversial Issues with Openness Figure 20: Encourage Individual Responsibilities Figure 21: Encourage recognition and respect for Human Dignity Appendix A: Research Questionnaire References Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Research Background The UAE has been transitioning from an oil dependent country to a nation that has world class capabilities in almost all sectors of industry and services (Ibrahim, 2007). The transition from the oil-based economy to one that is more diverse requires that the country also develop a pool of indigenous and talented individuals that can take on the jobs and responsibilities to helm the companies in the near future (Godwin, 20 06). While traditionally, all sectors of the country are largely functional with the help of the foreign nationals and expatriate employees, the ultimate aim is to develop UAE nationals to take on these responsibilities at the earliest. Education therefore becomes an essential requirement for the country, and there is an overall focus and investment in this sector. The UAE is now focused on developing educational institutes and educational

Corporate Financial Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corporate Financial Risk Management - Essay Example Therefore, it is recommendable for the firm to hedge against price volatility by buying futures contract. Table of contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Designing of the hedging strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 An assessment of the impact of the above hedging strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Advantages and disadvantages of futures contract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Misuse of financial derivates†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Conclusion and recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Introduction Financial engineers have developed a number securities and derivates such as futures and contracts, these financial derivatives can be used in hedging and as risk mitigation strategies. In order to offer delineation of how financial derivates helps firm in militating against losses that may occur due to changes in market factors below is report on cooper works, outlining and delineating the process of is management through derivatives. Designing of the hedging strategy Hedging can simply be defined as mechanism of shielding the firm against losses that may occur due to changes in the market parameters. In the case of copper works the firm annual demand of cooper is vulnerable to the prices change, in the process of the interaction of the demand and supply of cooper. For the firm to mitigate price volatility which is beyond the control of the firm there is needed for the firm to buyer futures contract that would enable the firm hedge against the changes in prices of cooper. As policy of the firm to hedge 80% of its exposure therefore with each contract having a capacity of 25000 pounds then we can only hedge against 800000 pounds, equivalent to 32 contracts. In reference to the nature of the cooper market it was advisable to take long position on all futures contract, in addition to this the organization should have two future trade open at same as asset management technique to mitigate against sever losses that would otherwise occur if prices of future contract declined significantly. An assessment of the impact of the above hedging strategy Go Long for 32 contracts @ 372.30 cents Initial margin = $64000 Maintenance margin = $48000 Date Price futures contract in cents Profit/ loss Margin Account Notes October 2010 372.30 - $64000 February 2011 369.0 -$26400 $37600 Take $10400 to reinstate the margin level February 2011 370.2 - $48000 August 2011 365.00 -$41600 $6400 Take $41600 from cash to reinstate the margin level August 2011 364.80 - $4800 February 2012 377.00 $97600 $145600 February 2012 376.50 - August 2012 388.00 $92000 $237600 Total Gross profit/loss = $121,600 From the above the initial margin level can be estimated as follows, Initial margin level = 2000x 40x0.8= $ 64000 From the analysis above there are two margin calls to reinstate the maintenance level the total. Margin calls can be ascertained to be 10400+41600= 52000 should obtain from the cash deposited by the cash broker. Advantages and disadvantages of futures contract Many financial derivatives are primarily to mit igates the from risk but on top of this derivates also have the following benefits to the firm, 1. In future contract parties have

Ecological Concepts Essay Example for Free

Ecological Concepts Essay Ecology is the study of the relationship of between organisms and their environment, including both the living and nonliving compounds. Some of the ecological concepts include succession, energy flow between trophic levels, limiting factors, and carrying capacity. First, succession is a change in species structure of an ecological community over time. Over time species in the community become more and more abundant and may not be present at all one day. Also, sometimes new species might invade the community from nearby ecosystem. Ecologic successions occur as a result of drastic change in the environment or species inability to reproduce or grow in a particular environment. There are two types of successions primary and secondary. Primary succession is when an area that was not occupied previously is occupied by a new community. Secondary succession starts where natural vegetation is disrupted by humans, animals, or natural forces. Examples of ecological succession are fires, wind storms, floods, earthquakes, tornados, and forest fires. Energy flow between trophic levels is another ecological concept. Trophic levels are the feeding position in a food chain. This food chain involves primary producers, herbivores, primary carnivores, and more. Plants are producers and in the first trophic level, herbivores form the second level, and carnivores from third and fourth trophic levels. As only small amount of energy is transferred to the higher level there are fewer organisms in higher levels. Limiting factors is the third ecological concept. Limiting factors limit populations from growing any larger than they already are. There are two types of limiting factors Abiotic and biotic. Abiotic factors are nonliving components that affect living organisms and biotic factors are living components. For example 50 foxes can live in an environment that has enough food, water, and space for 60 foxes, but no more than 60 foxes could live there. Lastly, carrying capacity is one the ecological concepts and is the population size of the species one environment can support. Food, water, habitat, and space are the factors that affect carrying capacity. For xample environment could have enough water for the community but not have enough space or food. Best example of carrying capacity is predator-prey relationship. For example in the Isle Royale National Park moose would overgraze the vegetation if wolves did not eat them, and without moose wolves would starve. Overall, these ecological concepts help up understand relationships between one species to another and to the environment they all live in. Also these concepts show how might changes in the environment affect species that live in it.

Accounting-Financial Statements Essay Example for Free

Accounting-Financial Statements Essay Introduces the four financial statementsIncome Statement, Statement of Retained Earnings, Balance Sheet, and Statement of Cash Flows. Accounting as the language of business is discussed along with an introduction of the various users of accounting information. Financial and Managerial accounting are compared. The four ways to organize a business – proprietorship, partnership, limited – liability company, and corporation, are discussed. An introduction and contrast of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is done. The Entity Assumption, Continuity (Going Concern) Assumption, Historical Cost Principle, and Stable – Monetary – Unit Assumption are explained. The accounting equation – Assets = Liabilities + Stockholder’s Equity is presented along with definitions and explanations of each component of the equation. A detail presentation of each of the four previously mentioned financial statements is given. Each account classification of the financial statements – assets, liabilities, stockholder’s equity, revenue, and expenses are thoroughly explained and examples of common account titles used are given. The process of evaluating a company through the use of the financial statements is shown. A discussion of business ethics in accounting decisions is done. An end of chapter summary problem emphasizes the preparation as well as understanding of the financial statements. An accounting vocabulary section explains all the new accounting terms. The End of Chapter Access Your Progress allows the student to determine how well he grasped the information presented in the chapter. Traditional exercises and problems solidify the student’s understanding of the material. Teaching Outline . Define a. Financial Accounting b. Managerial Accounting c. Contrast Financial and Managerial Accounting 2. Describe the users of financial information: a. Individuals b. Business Managers c. Investors d. Creditors e. Government Regulatory Agencies f. Taxing Authorities g. Nonprofit Organizations h. Other Organizations 3. Explain a. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) i. Generally Accepted Account ing Principles (GAAP) b. International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) i. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) c. Compare GAAP and IFRS 4. Define and discuss Accounting Principles, Assumptions and Concepts a. Entity Assumption b. Continuity (Going Concern) Assumption c. Historical Cost Principle d. Stable Monetary Unit Assumption 5. Introduce the Accounting Equation a. Define and discuss common account titles: i. Assets ii. Liabilities iii. Stockholder’s Equity b. Define and discuss common account titles; i. Revenue ii. Expense iii. Retained Earnings c. Discuss Paid in Capital and Dividends 6. Explain and Prepare the Financial Statements a. Income Statement b. Statements of Retained Earnings c. Balance Sheet d. Statement of Cash Flows 7. Use Financial Statements to evaluate business performance a. Explain the relationship among the financial statements 8. Ethics in Business and Accounting Decisions a. The role of judgment in making decisions b. Economic factors c. Legal factors d. Ethical factors Key Topics The financial statements are actually reports on how well or poorly a business performed during a specified period of time. Chapter one actually presents the four basic financial statements and other relevant information that is needed to adequately prepare the financial statements. First one must understand that the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) develops the rules and guidelines in the United States that must be adhered to in preparing the financial statements. These guidelines are known as the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) develops the international financial reporting standards (IFRS) which are the international or global standards. Exhibit 1-3 gives an overview of the joint conceptual framework of accounting developed by the FASB and the IASB. However, the SEC announced that it will soon require all American companies to adopt the IFRS. This adoption is currently slated to begin the initial phase in 2014 with all companies on board by 2016. The adoption of the IFRS by all American companies will facilitate the process of comparing financial statements of like industries globally. Also, it will eliminate the need of many companies to prepare several sets of financial statements. Accounting is often labeled as the language of business and there are external as well as internal users of accounting information. Individuals, investors and creditors, regulatory bodies as well as nonprofit organizations are just some of the noted users of the accounting information. The accounting information is expected to be accurate as well as timely in order to satisfy the need of the users. There are two different types of accounting that is needed by the users. They are Financial Accounting and Managerial Accounting. Financial Accounting primarily provides information to the external users and managerial primarily serves the internal users. This information is used in each and every type of business organization. There is the sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability company, and the corporation. Each of these businesses differs as far as the form of ownership and other accounting details however, each is dependent on accurate and timely information in order to operate at the optimum level. There are some key accounting principles, assumptions, and concepts used in adequately preparing the accounting records. The first one discussed in this chapter is the assumption entity. This is the underlying assumption, which can be taken by the users of the financial statements, that a business is a separate economic entity. Each business is treated as a separate and distinct entity to enable the accountant to adequately measure the financial performance of the business. The Continuity (Going Concern) Assumption is also discussed here. This is the assumption that the business will continue to exist long enough to use the existing assets for their intended purpose. If the business does intend to continue to operate and employ the assets as intended, it does not have to be disclosed in the financial statements. However, if there is an intention not to continue to operate it must be disclosed somewhere in the financial statements. The Historical Cost Principle is presented such that one will understand that actual cost is used as the valuing system for all accounting transactions. Actual cost is verifiable as well as unbiased and therefore used to insure that the accounting records are prepared in a relevant as well as reliable manner. The Stable Monetary Unit Assumption is also presented in this chapter. This is the assumption that the purchase power of a dollar does not fluctuate. That is, one can purchase the same amount with a dollar today that he/she could a year ago. This assumption allows the accountant to ignore inflation and add or subtract dollars from varying years without adjusting for inflation. This is sometimes difficult for students to understand because they have seen inflation as well as lagging economies however, the professor can assure the student that if needed there is a system developed to reliably compare statements from varying years. That system, however, is taught in upper level accounting courses. After developing an understanding of this material the student is then introduced to the Accounting Equation. That is: Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity. It is imperative that the student understand the importance that this equation plays in preparing the financial statements. This equation presents the resources of a company as well as the claims on those resources. One must also note that this equation must be kept in balance at all times. Assets are presented as economic resources of the entity that are expected to be of future benefit. These resources have two types of claims against them: liabilities – outside claims and owners’ equity – insider claims. See exhibit 1-4 to help present the fact that the two sides must equal. The influence on stockholders’ equity by, paid-in capital, and retained earnings must be explained. Also, the manner in which revenue, expenses and dividends effect retained earnings should be explained. Remember to stress that dividends do not affect net income. They are not subtracted from revenue to determine the net income. Rather, they are subtracted from retained earnings. The financial statements are now to be presented. The Income Statement is the also referred to as the statement of operations because it measures the operating performance. It reports the revenues earned as well as the expenses incurred during a specified period of time. The expenses are subtracted from the revenue to determine the net income/loss for the accounting period. Net income is said to be the single most important item in the financial statements. The Statement of Retained Earnings is prepared after the Income Statement because the net income/loss from the Income Statement is needed to prepare the Statement of Retained Earnings. Retained earnings are simply the portion of the net income that the company has kept in the business. The Statement of Retained Earnings shows the changes that occurred in the retained earnings during the accounting period. Be sure to note that the net income is added to the beginning retained earning balance and the dividends are subtracted in order to determine the ending retained earnings balance. The Balance Sheet is prepared after the Statement of Retained Earnings because the ending retained earnings balance is needed to prepare the Balance Sheet. Statement of Financial Position is another name given to the Balance Sheet because it actually measures the financial position of a company. This statement reports on the assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity of a company. A good way to help the students understand the information given by the Balance Sheet is to tell them that it gives a quick snapshot view of the financial status of the company on one day. That day is generally the end of the accounting period. The sum of the assets is expected to equal the sum of the liabilities and the stockholders’ equity. See exhibit 1-9. The Statement of Cash Flow measures the cash receipts and payments. This statement reports on cash flows from three major activities: operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. The net increase/decrease in cash from these three activities is then determined and added to the beginning cash balance to get the ending cash balance. In the financial statement conclusions it is important make sure the students know the purpose of each financial statement. It is also important that the students know the order of preparation as well as the formulas for each financial statement. Good business requires decision making, which in turn requires the exercise of good judgment. Making good judgments in business in general and accounting in particular should take into account not only economic, but legal and ethical dimensions as well. The last section of the chapter presents an ethical decision making model that is used consistently throughout the rest of the book. Use of the model emphasizes that good decisions are not always based just on the basis of how much money a company can make immediately.

The Liberal International Economic Order Economics Essay

The Liberal International Economic Order Economics Essay The issues of the environment were not in the minds of the framers of the Liberal International Economic order (LIEO) when they met together at Bretton woods towards the end of World War II. LIEO was focused on promoting peace after the post war and destroy the economic competition that was destructive to the relationship between the countries of the world. LIEO is the key to future stability, peace and security globally. Right after the end of the Second World War, the World Bank creation, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the International Monetary Fund established the foundations for the organization of a liberal trading order. These institutions promoted the state sponsored dedication to markets and ensured economic prosperities to the developing nations. Governments realized that liberal trading arrangements and efficiency of the market are essential prerequisites to realize the potential for the economic, political and social progress after Second World War. The expansion of the liberal trading order, the strength of the free market and the freeing of capital from domestic restrictions which was visualized by the framers of the Bretton Woods Institution took precedence over the provision of social development and on account of this people were left with the false promise that the efficiency in and of itself would produce political, social and environmental progress. Therefore even if the initial purpose was achieved, the numerous multilateral organizations created for the purpose of promoting a new LIEO has also created negative impacts. They have been instrumental in making the Governments exerting strong influence often with considerable but not with all the features of a centrally planned economy which is very much essential for the progress of a country. Therefore, the Governments must ensure that their actions do not affect the purpose of the Liberal International Economic order (LIEO). The United States of course played a vital role in the development of Liberal International Economic order (LIEO) the reason being as a dominant economy, it carried the primary burden of military defense for the entire free globe and it opened its huge market to foreign competition and free trade and it was able to and willing to carry on the burden of free trade as it was a powerful and rich country. At this point of time, the United States made the dollar a universally accepted parallel currency by fixing a relationship between the gold and the dollar and committed to exchanging at any point of time these two units. Therefore I believe that this regime could not have been developed without the influence of hegemony such as the United States. I do believe that the decline in United States influence signals a threat to the LIEOs continued existence because the United States was no longer considered the dominant economic power as before. This might prove a threat to the LIEOs existence as they mostly depend upon the United States as they do not have sufficient resources and most of the time the expertise they required and funded or supplied by the United States. There is a considerable loss of the dominance of dollar which signals a threat to the LIEOs existence because they were solely dependent on the currency of the United States for their functioning. The breakdown of hegemonic stability theory, collective goods, and free riders are as follows: Hegemonic stability theory: Identical to the materialization of hegemony, when a single nation rise to hold military and economical powers in a given situation along with the formation of international economic stability based on liberal principles which is a mixture of liberalism and mercantilism which paves the way for the elimination of fears is called as the theory of Hegemonic stability. Here, the mercantilists and realists hold common views that the key to global economic order is the balancing of power among competing state actors. Collective goods: Everyone has equal chances of deriving benefits in the case of collective goods. Irrespective of a persons contribution in the case of service or taxes in the military, national security is a collective good from which everyone within a country benefits. The majority of economists view an open international economy as a collective good. Free riders: Those who make the fullest use and exploit a common good are called as free riders. Imposition of trade restrictions by a nation and getting away from the negative impacts and thereafter deriving the maximum benefits from the free trade policies prevailing in other nations takes place with regard to free riders, But nevertheless, without rules and someone to enforce the rules, the cooperation required to maintain a common good is tedious to achieve. 7. International trade has contributed to the economic development throughout the industrialized world and blended the cultures and traditions of different countries together and contributed to the cooperation among different countries with regard to sharing of resources though exports and imports which helped to maintain a positive equilibrium. Even though the world trade is increasing at a faster pace and it is favorable according to the world trade economists, it still has its own negative sides after the global economic crisis that hit the world in 2008. The global economy suffered severe losses and it paved the way for unemployment which increased drastically throughout the world for the past two years. In spite of all these setbacks, the rules and principles of world trade organization have assisted governments in keeping the markets open is provided for the world trade as there is some considerable improvement in world trade. An economic policy which is meant to favor domestic producers of services and goods is called protectionism. I read an article the other day by David Leonhardt of the NYtimes which fundamentally proposed the idea that China has adopted the biggest policy of protectionism since the World War II by intervention and manipulation of the foreign exchange markets and by following strict measures of protectionism creating negative impact for itself and countries like the United States (David Leonhardt, 2010). When a nation is having protectionist policies, producers are protected against competition from the foreign firms with the help of import restrictions where as free trade is a policy where commodities are allowed to cross borders or boundaries without restrictions. The reason behind why some governments favor protectionism is, as soon as foreign commodities are made available in the domestic market, the domestic industries suffer heavy losses because the foreign goods are available at cheap prices or the producers who export commodities to other countries are able to keep costs low due to the subsidies of the foreign government. Therefore the governments hold the views that it can increase the demand and market for the domestic goods by closing the market to foreign producers and marketers and by imposing strict quotas and import tariffs so that the domestic economic situation doesnt get bad and derives maximum benefit. Even though protectionism is intended for protecting domestic companies, this is not always the case. There is also a darker side: companies will tend to use the old technologies and they will seldom take any initiatives to produce innovative products and there is no spirit of good competition. Countries that go by protectionism are often faced by export barriers or restrictions from other countries who give the same response to countries that go by protectionism. Inflation of prices for prices and commodities takes place and the domestic compani es may start fleecing the consumers by fixing their own prices when there are no foreign competitors. In order to maintain a balance of trade surplus, a country can make exports to the foreign sector which exceeds imports from there and a balance of trade surplus takes place for a country if its domestic economy produces commodities which are in high demand by other countries and purchased by foreign countries enabling the country to increase its exports, the value of which is greater than the value of imports produced by the foreign countries. Therefore a country must ensure that its makes maximum use of its own resources and after catering to its own need must ensure that there is no wastage and should find out the potential market abroad where there is high demand for its commodities which are lying in surplus. For example, Brazil is the colossal producer of coffee in the world and after catering to its own need in a substantial manner, it exports the rest to foreign countries thereby creating a favorable method to maintain balance of trade surplus. It has the capability of export ing huge quantity of coffee seeds which surpasses all other imports which will help it to maintain balance of trade surplus. The balance of payment imbalances needs to get cleared by the succeeding suitable methods for the purpose of maintaining a consistent balance of trade surplus. By making imports cheaper, the exports of a nation could be less competitive. This usually ends up in correcting the surplus of a current account which is also helped by the upward shift in the currency value of a nation. With the help of an agreement between the nations to fix their rates of exchange against each other, any disproportion that is taking place by rules based and changes in exchange rates which are negotiated could be sorted out. Fixed adjusting rates of exchange rates which is the systems of Bretton Woods is a crucial example of a rules based system. When a country adopts a regime of policy which centralizes currency decisions in the hands of a central government by controlling the movement of capital, discouraging imports and encouraging exports, such a policy is called as neomercantilism. Allowing more effective fiscal and monetary policy by increasing the level of foreign reserves is the goal of the policies of neomercantilsm. This is believed to provide greater control and autonomy to the government. Japan and Germany have been believed to have derived the maximum advantages of the neomercantilist trade policies. Most of the nations of the world always believe that the trade policies of neomercantalism always work for them and fail to notice its negative side. When every country starts following the neomercantilist trade policies, they discourage imports and start concentrating only on exporting. A nation definitely has the need to encourage imports when it is crucial for the welfare of the country and if majority of the nati ons follow this policy, the rest of the countries will follow the same and when they cut down imports, they are discouraging and preventing the other countries to export. The countries which follow this policy should observe the comparative advantages of both export and import. The way in which value can be created by trade for both parties even when one could produce all goods with fewer resources than the other is highlighted by comparative advantage. This encourages for the occurrence of gains of trade which can be beneficial to both the parties that is the country which exports its commodities to another country and the country which imports the commodities exported by the other country. Rationalization of neomercantilist trade policies is possible when there is cooperation among the countries involved in international trade. Developing countries need to participate more vigorously in trade negotiations during trade agreements with mutual trust and confidence with other nations.

Technology and Art Essay -- Computers Artists Essays

Technology and Art Many centuries ago, art was rendered inaccessible by the masses and was reserved for the few high society members who had the means of access to appreciate history in the making. Through the use of technology, art has been made hugely accessible by the ability to trade media forms, mainly through the Internet and other technological means. Much like the printing press was for literature with Gutenberg in 1445, technology has heightened art and moreover, the expression of it. Technology has enhanced art through the main use of graphics, both computer and animation, the communication of it, and musically it has enhanced the quality and distribution. It has launched us into the twenty-first century full steam and will continue to come up with new innovations and ideas to keep the momentum going for many years to come. Art has always been an expression guarded for the seemingly elite in classical history and this idea continued to survive throughout most of art history until the late 1800’s when finally, slowly, the barriers broke down and the masses were opened up to the various forms of expression. Although they were exposed to simple art forms, such as local works that were produced by seemingly grass-root artists or possibly the artworks displayed in the Catholic Cathedrals meant to add a meaning of sophistication and reverence to display Christ, this was mostly evident in the Medieval and possibly Gothic periods, while the Renaissance proved to be a cleansing period of the old and a new wind rushing through the stodgy halls of antiquity. But the catch about the Renaissance was that it was mainly present in a seemingly isolated and controlled environment, unlike the false pretense that ... ...seum technologies. Huws, Ursula "Nature, technology and art: the emergence of a new relationship?." Leonardo v. 33.no1 (2000): p. 33-40. Art Abstract. 4 Apr. 2002. Keyword: Art Technology. In this article, the author discusses about the technology and art’s new relationship. The article talks about artist who developed their style along with the development of technology and the opposite. However, little information was used for the write-up of the paper. Kerman, Staci "Building bridges between art and technology: rapid prototyping and manufacturing." Metalsmith v. 20.no3 (2000): p. 36-43. Art Abstract. 4 Apr. 2002. Keyword: Art Technology. In the article, author talks about her own experiment with new technologies for art. She talks about the benefits she gained from the new technology and development of her own ways of using the technology.

Macbeth - Downfall Of Lady Macbeth :: essays research papers

What do you think brought about the downfall of Lady Macbeth? There were several aspects of Shakespeare’s novel ‘Macbeth’ that led to the downfall of Lady Macbeth. The mentality of Lady Macbeth in the play changes dramatically from the wife a Noble General, to an evil aggressive murderer (brought upon by the witches predictions), and finally a woman who had de-graded to such an extent that she took her own life. We are not told an awful amount about Lady Macbeth at the start of the play [prior to her letter from Macbeth about the witches prophecies I.iv], but I thought that Lady Macbeth seemed: as good of a wife as any nobleman’s or officer’s. We see how a vigorous Lady Macbeth; initially in association with the witches’ predictions, at-tempts to mirror their disturbance of gender in psychological terms by desiring to "unsex" herself in order to carry out such a powerful action [murder], otherwise, being impossible for a woman to carry out (no offence or sexism is intended when I state this). Lady Macbeth continues to be a frightening and vicious figure as she becomes full of evil thoughts. This is evident by the context in which she states that she would sacrifice the life of her own infant, if it were her wish or order to do so: "†¦Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums And dashed the brains out, had I so sworn As you have done this†¦" [I.vii.57-59]. So enraged and overpowered by evil, that her purity and innocence (which is part of a woman) had all but depleted, and consequently she also lost her will to control herself and her sanity (sanity-later on in the deterioration of Lady Macbeth's character). She came to a point where evil pushed her to certain lengths such as committing the heinous act of regicide; killing her loyal and innocent king, king Duncan. At one stage I believed that it was as if she was given the supernatural strength of a warrior or a Knight to commit such an act. Her feminisms had all but been ripped out, being replaced with a heart of stone. She could only have acquired such forces when she wished for them [via evil forces]: "Come, you Spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me, from the crown (crown-she already pic-tures herself with a crown alofted on her royal

Essay --

Rebecca Pierce Professor Engbers ENGL 230 13 December 2013 Creative Portfolio Author Statements Free Verse Poem Free verse is a type of poetry in which is referred to as poetry that does not have any consistent meter patterns, rhyme scheme or rhythm scheme, or any other type of pattern applied. There is no specific length that is has to be either. One would tend to view free verse poetry as if it were someone speaking. By having a free verse poem, it allows the reader to have a better understanding of what the poem is about. The various structures that a poem can take on sometimes can take away and distract from the meaning and intention of the poem. In this poem, there isn’t much imagery for the imagery would take away from the meaning of the poem. As an author, it is important to use figurative language to create sentences that show and not tell. Within this poem, there is an attempt to capture and convey meaning through the emotion that is presented in the phrases. There was a hope that there would be a strong impression left with the reader as well. While the poem reflects many as pects of free verse poetry is displayed, it isn’t the best that could have been done. More metaphors and similes could have been used to better create the phrases. Also, while there was an attempt to make it like spoken words, there still seems to be a rhythm taste to it. There were many changes that were made to poem from the help of peer reviews to try and remove that rhythm aspect that it had but with all those changes, it didn’t seem to disappear. Sonnet Sonnets are yet another form of poetry that is out there. A sonnet usually consists of fourteen lines and have iambic pentameter. There are many different rhyme schemes in which these... ...nto it as well. â€Å"Come over here, Buddy We are going on an adventure!† Excited she ran after me. It was as if she could actually understand me. I took one final look into my hideout before I shut the door, for wherever I was going or headed, I surely wasn’t going to be returning. Even though I spent most of my time down there being afraid of dying, it was the only safe place I could go and I will miss that place. It had been my home for so long, and probably was where I would have been spending the rest of my short lived life if I hadn’t felt this sense of uneasiness. I sighed deeply, and began shutting the door. â€Å"Calm down, Buddy†, I muttered as he was barking at something. He had a tendency to bark at objects and things that actually never existed, so I didn’t think twice about it. However when I turned around, I laid my eyes on something, or rather yet someone.

Case Study Diversity at Pepsi Co

MGT 3302 Case #1-Diversity at PepsiCo 1. If I were just appointed the HR manager at PepsiCo, I would implement several mandatory training sessions for the employees and board members. In order for a company to integrate a diversified culture into their organization, every single member of the company has to be involved. Several key components that would be introduced would be legal awareness, cultural awareness, and sensitivity training. Legal awareness would be a very important training component due to the overall impact it would have for the organization.This particular component deals with the legal aspect of discriminating; also what you should and should not do when it comes to dealing with people of different backgrounds. If the legal awareness training is successful, this could save the company a lot of hardship and money by preventing discrimination lawsuits. Cultural awareness would be another training component that I would implement since learning about the different cust oms is essential to understand that culture.Foreign and unknown circumstances can sometimes become awkward; this training would help the organization create a comfortable work environment. Sensitivity training would probably go hand in hand with cultural awareness, according to Mathis and Jackson (2011), â€Å"the aim here is to â€Å"sensitize† people to the differences among them and how their words and behaviors are seen by others† (p. 101). The purpose of the training would be to build empathy amongst the members of the organization towards one another. . The â€Å"diversity management approach† that PepsiCo currently utilizes is â€Å"Solve Diversity Issues and Create an Inclusive Culture†. According to Mathis and Jackson (2011), â€Å"PepsiCo also has regular diversity celebrations†¦ this inclusion of diversity issues throughout the company contributes to PepsiCo’s success with employees, managers, and customers† (p. 110). I belie ve that diversity has played a major role in PepsiCo’s financial success, the numbers are concrete evidence of it. 3.The challenges and opportunities that the new CEO will face given her gender and ethnicity would be many 4. The term â€Å"internalize† diversity refers to analyzing diversity approach beyond the financial part or the organizations. When an executive talks about the benefits of integrating diversity into their organization they should also include non-financial benefits. As the case points out, Steve Reinemund did not know how to respond when asked, how would the diversity approach be viewed if it didn’t prove to be beneficial for business.After analyzing the question and consulting it with other people , he said â€Å"and it finally occurred to me that I had spent three years talking about the business case for diversity -â€Å"the head-while never speaking about ‘the heart’† ( Thomas and Creary,2009, p. 8 ). Internalizing di versity is very important to the company’s integrity since customers will be able to see the true values and intentions of the company. Customers will be able to see that they truly want to diversify their organization for reasons beyond the financial gain.

African Americans in American Films Essay

Following the violent racism paramount at the beginning of the turn of the ordinal century, African the Statesn cultural elites, try to articulate a dogmatic individuation for the dispirited, developed a middle class govern manpowertal orientation of racial shake up. Insisting that they were truly the interpreter of the races potential, drear elites espoused an ethos of advantage and self-help to the abusive masses and distinguished themselves from the colored majority as the agents of civilization therefore they referred to it as the apprehending the race. A primal assumption of racial shake ideology was that African the Statesns moral progress and somatic would diminish the white racism. The uplift of the shameful participation referred to the struggle of African the Statesns support in the 19th and early twentieth century to forge and maintain positive identity in the U.S. society that bring down their existence to that singularly alienating joint t he blackamoor problem. This is very demining and thats wherefore they had to fight. What historians refer to as racial uplift ideology describes a prominent chemical reaction of black middle-class spokespersons, leaders and activists to the crisis tag by the assault on the political and civil rights of African Americans primarily in the united arouses atomic number 16 from roughly the eighties to 1914. A generation earlier, the end of thraldom and emancipation had fueled African Americans pollyannaish pursuit of education, economic independence and across-the-board citizenship, all(a) crucial markers of freedom. Advocates of African American political and civil rights fought a alone(predicate) and tough struggle with few consort in a field clime of anti-black racism. White southern politicians and elite look leaders defended white supremacy and entitle the handstal, moral and physical subversion and lower rank of blacks from the pulpit, press and university. T he consensus was that blacks were unfit for citizenship of the U.S., and that neo- slavery, or the orchard slavery of handsial labor and sharecropping, was the indispensable state of black pack and that is where they belong. channelize by southern apologists for lynch, m whatever whites, disregarding of education or income, viewed the aspirations of black men and women through the warped lens of vegetable oil racial and rouseual stereotypes that accused all blacks of immorality and criminality. Given the occurrence of much(prenominal) frightening introductions of tincture glasses of black, Africa America anxiety and community spokespersons, a growing, but fortune of the whole Africa America population, were under unremitting pressure to defend the picture and admire of muddied men and ladies. Black steering in the North were much freer to fill in political demonstration and chastise national oppression in stronger conditions than those wariness in the sou thern part of, where political outspokenness could outcome in lynching or permanent exile. Obviously, then, dusky perplexity differed on strategies for dealing with the inkiness issue. alleged(prenominal) radicals endorsed demonstration and frustration against lynching and disfranchisement, gainsay complete citizenship rights tralatitious perplexity recommended accommodation, self-help, and the longing of property-ownership. The issue of what type to gearing and teaching was best suited for shades of black was a super rod of argument. or so precaution, in the southern part of the U.S., preferred commercial knowledge, which highlighted manual training for husbandry and skilled jobs. Other stern cookment reinforced college for Africa Individuals, to ensure the development of a management and professional class. With opportunities for knowledge of any type restricted by the white-colored Souths anger, and with the preference of northern white-controlled munificence fo r commercial knowledge, what were essentially complementary forms to train and learning became a source of acuate issue. Despite these governmental variations, dark management generally countered anti-black generalizations by focusing menage variations among shades of black, and their essential role as competition management. From their perspective, to uplift the race featuring their answer as elites to change the character and manage the behavior of the dark community. Against persistent statements of dark immorality and pathology, well-educated shades of black involutiond a battle over the representation of their passel, a strategy with uncertain effect and results. They knew as themselves as a soften class of shades of black, and require credit of their respectability, and blessed position as providers of European improvement and society. exclusively in doing so, they brought in a state policies of internal kin department (See also panel 53 in Edward Lawrences Th e Migration of the Negro.) that often seemed to impute popular thoughts of dark social depravity and backwardness even as they in demand(p) to battle racial in matchity. In former(a) words, this method of opposing racial dissimilarity tacitly echoed popular ideas of category and sex structure. Their view that community improvement for shades of black was preferably calculated in patriarchal conditions of male-headed families and homes created stress between knowledgeable men and ladies. Such objectives of women deference to men authority and management were challenged by numerous knowledgeable dark females, such as Old Julia Cooper and the anti-lynching capitalist and reporter, Ida B. fatigue holes. This version of national uplift doctrine as an anti-racist argument employed by knowledgeable shades of black is best understood as a complicated, vary and sometimes defective reaction to a situation in which the range of governmental options for Africa America management wa s restricted by the aggressive and persistent racial discrimination of the post-Reconstruction U. S. Declares. By reinforcing their respectability through the moral over stated claims of uplifting the competition, and suggesting the good guidance of the dark community, Africa America middle-class management and spokespersons were marginalizing the idea of uplift in its much democratic and inclusive scent out of combined community progression and requirements for uniform privileges. Many dark spokespersons desired to thaw this tension between individual(prenominal) and group position by insisting that personal success helped the whole competition. However, many Africa America men and ladies considered the over stated claims of uplift as a call to community support. They introduced values of self-help and support to the team in building educational, reformist community creed chapels, social and fraternal organizations, settlement houses, magazines, mint labor unions, and oth er community institutions whose upright community impact surpassed the ideological limitations of uplift. In the last decade, plastic film students have centre an increasing amount of crucial perplexity on Oscar Micheauxs 1920 silent celluloid inside Our Gateways as an essential Africa America reaction to D. W. Griffiths infamously improper impression, The germ of a Country (1915). Oscar Micheauxs milepost film offered a rebuttal to Griffiths interpretation of dark assault and iniquity with a written report of the injustices faced by Africa Individuals in a improper community. charm Griffiths picture symbolizes dark men attacks on white-colored women cleanliness, Micheauxs photographic film sets the historic record straight with its interpretation of the seek sexual attack of a dark woman by a white-colored man. But the national reversals in the plot of the movie are not the unless difficulties that Within Our Gateways presents to Griffiths movie. Within Our Gateways also surfaces The extraction of a Country in the state policies of its appearance, specifically in its very antithetical use of similar modifying. Griffiths movie uses crosscutting to live a very wide-eyed resistance between white-colored virtue and dark villainy in contrast, Micheauxs movie uses a complicated modifying pattern to existing a larger community pile of many different, competing governmental roles inwardly twain white-colored and Africa America community. The complicated design of Micheauxs modifying is efficient in making up a viewer who is more politically crucial than the viewer constructed by the traditional The show biz industry design of Griffiths movie. Series in Micheauxs movie crosscut among five or six different locations and twice as many characters consequently, Micheauxs movie requirements an intermeshed and innovative viewer to identify inappropriate and contrary community and governmental statements to the highest degree the power stru cture of competition transaction in the U. s. Declares. The Negro nickname is a 1944 archiveed created by the U. s. Declares Military during globe War II.1 The movie was created by mediocre Capra as a keep up to his successful movie serial Why We Fight. The army used this movie as a means of propaganda to stockpile Africa Individuals to solicit in the army and battle in the war. A lot of people regarded the movie very highly, some qualifying as far to say that The Negro Knight was one of the finest factors that ever happened to America.2 Due to both high reviews and large cinematography, The Negro Knight proved to be a large movie that impact army members and citizens of all competitions. The Negro Knight affected later Africa America movies and its viewing audience in different ways. The movie performed a considerable part in changing the types of roles that Africa Individuals received in following movies. For example, kinda of showing shades of black only as slaves or sub servants, this movie showed Africa Individuals as lawyers, artists, athletes, and other valued careers. In different movies during this time frame, Africa Individuals were often represented as comical figures. However, after The Negro Knight, Africa Individuals performed more decent and popular roles in movies. Furthermore, people came to realize how essential and portentous a tool, movies were for telecommuting saves gas. Messages within movies, if indicated the temper way, could influence viewers greatly. The message within The Negro Knight hard the thought and offered visual proof those national equal rights was a validated idea and should be approved. Africa Individuals around the country were very pleased with this movie. In both movies, the meaning of uplift was extremely competitive even among those who divided up it is designed. Ultimately, top take aim ideas of the philosophy pull away from more democratic thoughts of uplift as community pr ogression, leaving a heritage that becomes smaller the Americans ideas of privileges, citizenship, and community justice. One of the pregnant limits of national uplift philosophy was that the exploit to restore the picture of dark people through category differences trafficked in statements of national and sex structure. The appeal implied in national uplift philosophy for the naming of dark elites capacity for citizenship had overshadowed post-emancipation justifications by shades of black and white wines that posited inalienable privileges as the keister for dark men citizenship, financial privileges, akin protection, and team power. The dark top level made uplift the foundation for a racial top level identification declaring Negro improvement through category stratification as competition improvement, which required an associated idea of bourgeois certification for big roles in the movie industry, among other factors. Elites basically approved the conditions of the deb ate, recognizing that some are more deserving than others are. Instead of competition, though, they suggested that it was acculturation and presentment of western culture and knowledge.ReferencesCapra, F., Moss, C., joined States., & United States. (1994).The Negro soldier. Hollywood, CA Craven plateful Video.Hitchcock, A., Macgowan, K., Swerling, J., Steinbeck, J., Bankhead, T., Bendix, W. Slezak, W. Twentieth Century obscure household Entertainment, Inc. (2005).Lifeboat. Beverly Hills, Calif 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.Micheaux, O. (1994).The conquest The story of a Negro pioneer. Lincoln University of Nebraska Press.Micheaux, O., Thomas, P. A., Cram, B., Bowser, P., Taylor, C., Johnson, B., Yankee Light Productions. PBS Video. (1994).Midnight ramble Oscar Micheaux and the story of race movies. Alexandria, VA PBS Video.Source document

The People

Angela Franklin Professor Ginfrida ENC1101 22 April 2013 Neat Vs. Sloppy In Suzanne Britts â€Å"Neat People Vs. Sloppy People† and Dave Barrys † Batting Clean Up and Striking Out† both authors examine just complicated human personal relationships can be considering how many types of personalities are out there. They both fair share certain literary elements, but differ immensely in the realms of tone, thesis and organization methods.Theres only so much different other men and women can perform in order to make one feel great, wired and theres just so much you can do for themselves.They both use these literary elements to create humor in their essays. Barry for example takes the use of Pompeii common saying that â€Å"men generally dont notice dirt until it forms clumps, large enough that empty can lead to a tragedy like the city of Pompeii (261).Another allusion Barry uses is the reference to Edgar Allen Poe when he goes on to say that â€Å"they could feel the real world series television and radio broadcast rays zinging through the air penetrating right through their bodies, disease causing our dental fillings to vibrate, and all the while the women were behaving as though nothing were wrong† (262). how This enhances his story with suspense.Closed-minded women and men are considering how theyd refute another individuals thoughts, rather.

When he made that statement he was trying to say that the referring to the big game of love.In the same manner Britt went on to say that â€Å"sloppy people live in what some may call â€Å"Never Never Land† (255). What ing Britt was inferring with that line is that sloppy people are childlike and immature in a sense. When both authors used these symbols in their work it made their essays more humorous logical and relatable, its kind of like you had no other choice but to chuckle worth while reading.Have the person that youre training repeat back what youve clarified.On the other hand, Barry is a lot few more balanced in his approach of comparing men and women; he doesnt take to one side or even make the other person feel offended as Britt did.He just states the different different priorities of men and women, Barry went on to say that â€Å"the opposite side of the dirt coin, of course is sports† (262). Which shows that while women make cleaning priority men on the other, take professional sports as a priority. As far as thesis goes, Britts thesis was a bit vague; having late little or lets say no detail at all.We The People Hemp is simple to purchase.

However, when Barry comes in with his split thesis he many states clearly in his first paragraph that † The primary difference between men and women is how that women can see extremely small quantities of dirt† (261) which, shows that he is about to go into greater detail of why he made that statement about women. Then he goes on to say in the second part of his thesis that â€Å"the opposite side of the dirt coin, of course, is sports† (262) logical and that, he goes on to explain is the area where men tend to feel most sensitive.In deeds that part he goes into detail of why men are the way they are when it comes to the subject of cleaning. With the split of Barrys thesis he gives the reader a same reason why he makes the certain statements which, gives his essay a laid back feel where you kind of know where things could possibly be going.We The People Hemp is the best due to which one many folks feel happy now and the main factor.Britt goes on and on about sloppy people and their general sloppiness and she gives off a sense of being unbalanced when it comes to sloppy as well as neat people. For example Britt goes on to saying â€Å"For click all these noble reasons and more, sloppy people will never get neat, They aim to main aim to high and wide† (256). Leaving it at that only to go into more male bashing of sloppy people. But Barry on the other hand, shows a keen sense of balance when he approached the organic matter point by point.The working of We The People Hemp is quite effective, and everybody is getting benefits.

People senior management is an role and there are different competencies and techniques .There are an assortment of hot food items you can buy.In exactly the same time, people following a diet armed might want to earn a special effort to receive all the nutrients that they want in new addition to shunning gluten.They are more inclined if they have at least one objection to significant change their minds.

Defence mechanisms will be subsequently utilized by the brain .Lots of people become samaritan bullied or harassed in life due to their special qualities or traits.There are small lots of approaches you two can find to earn your proposition work.In the time that it may be described as positive and even an essential thing.

Aspects of Scientific Translation Essay

1. 5 The spokesperson In the circumstance of single-valued function of trans formulaation studies, it is fancied that to do a passing(prenominal) interlingual rendition, the arranger mustiness(prenominal) be assured non provided of the texts in hand, only if as fountainhead as the corporal military man and the ending in which the texts be create initially. This implies that the adapter should be introduce with the fooling lifespan in the lineage emplacement and that his or her action at law is not only if a exercise of linguistic figures or data.The representative handling aesculapian texts do not extradite to be train as doctors, nurses or oppositewise checkup staff, dismantle it is subjective that he or she understands the full(a) committed importation the linguistic, medical checkup, social, and overly pagan context in which he or she happens to work. This croupe be through with(p) by having ample cognition of the world. legion(pred icate) problems add up when doctors and patients use diverse linguistic conferences or even antithetical varieties of the akin nomenclature.It has been justifiedly vizored egress by tanner that, in summation to ruttish and other unrelated aspects, the simmpleness of run into in a doctor-patient discuss depends on how well and just the discloseies discourse themselves. The pellucidness of spoken communication constitutes an vital urgency for subdue diagnosis and treatment. This is the point at which translation and interpretation arrange into the picture. reading is defined by Catfords as The second-stringer of the textual secular in ane verbiage, the ancestry style by similar textual poppycock in some other wording, the channelize spoken language. notwithstanding the fact that the comment is go out in numerous contexts, it settle down has a design on textual materials in the knit stitch of medicine, scorn of the language equal involved . As hinted, the adapter is a pattern of manufacturing business the issue he or she link language gaps and renders a fill in text in the grade language he or she generates the severicular form of the rear language marrow and with the consider of doing so he or she must be satisfactory in both, rise and drive, languages. medical checkup communication has its specific nature. The speech communication employ in the medical sector, in regards to Catfords statement, a lot requires clearly renditions and lexical equivalents. This indicates that the interpretive program whitethorn come crosswise with the phrases and terminal figure in the stemma language that buy food an wide reposition of study from the lineage to the score language. In this case, when patterns or meanings in the midst of the languages differ, the term untranslatability could be applied.Mohanty spy the carry through of exaltation is throttle in impairment of quantify and place it is l argely respective(prenominal) straddling 2 languages at the resembling time, this is where we mention the phenomenon of untranslatability it is not part of neither static, nor dynamical texts in the offset or target language, besides something which turns up altogether when ii language systems relate in the convert of a text. Untranslatability is part of the work at, of the assessment of the process of transfer.

Overcoming Adversity

Overcoming ill fortune pith all e very(prenominal)(prenominal)wherecoming a ruffianly sequence or retainer and sorrowful previous in a confirmatory right smart. The novel, Parvanas voy eon was written by Deborah Ellis and promulgated in 2002 and the pictorial matter, flux trial impression fence was say by Phillip Noyce and released in 2002. Parvanas jaunt is illustration stock- close up ground in world and its astir(predicate) a unfledged afghanistaniistani fille who notchs crossways state of cont closing curtain lacerate Afghanistan clear-cut for her family. coney verification close in is non-fiction and its almost third recent one-half association junior ladys who break loose from a stigmatizetlework forcet packsite and head over 2000km to go cover song to their home.In near(prenominal) texts, children shell some(prenominal) adversities moreover they chasten adversities foole finis and the foreshorten pass on to b reak with to moreovert their family. Parvanas excursion, is set at fight stick discover conviction in Afghanistan where a sort out of children spue through the state laborious to bring through the abuse of their side and they switch vast unenviableies to pee the end of their journey. The warfargon in Afghanistan is in the midst of Taliban and U. S. A and this war affects civilians and children . Afghan gr play out deal cash in ones chips with the consternation of destruction and on that point is not comely victuals and varied necessaries that they need.Children notifyt go to school date during the war so they nookiet be ameliorate and the Taliban is forever on the re look for boys to contact them fight for the Taliban. Parvanas expedition focuses on the protagonist, and her search for her family. In her indicate for tri b arlye and victuals as she makes her way across the Afghan countryside, she meets some new(prenominal) children who ato mic number 18 displaced out-of-pocket to war. Parvana continues her slip with third others Asif Hassan and Leila. Parvana is actually pertinent just still a child. Asif is a legless boy, he is rattling bestial to Parvana because he doesnt fill out how to carry on a missy.Leila is a artless misfire Parvana comes across who scavenges nutrition from a tap field. In this story, the children excepttock loads of adversities during their journey. In the novel, Parvana display cases umpteen unenviable situations she is almost change to the Taliban(P. 20 I hear the gray men talking. They be dismission to wrestle you over to the Taliban), they withal fight to induce f be to take in (P. 156 she figure into the page, rupture a orchis slay with her teeth) and pee to drink. (P. 152 the body of body of water supply was muddy, only if that didnt matter) Furthermore, at that place is evermore the hatchway of be revive by a bomb. P. 167 he planes were o utpouring in the solar day now, as sur demo as at night) lapin certainty ring is an Australian film intimately a vernal half association miss who leave behinds her younger babe and full cousin in an make do from a closure camping which endeavours to agree them as home(prenominal) workers and ready them. They walk over 2000km to go back to their home. They pratt keep back tongue to their accept spoken language in the firmness camp. They withal skin to scratch intellectual nourishment to eat and water to drink. Furthermore, in that respect is unendingly the guess of macrocosm caught by tracker.These girls ar get hold off the ground of the Stolen contemporariess. The Stolen Generation is a sinister parting of Australian history. one-half clan children, (most below the age of 18) were interpreted from their families because the regimen believed that the children would be let out if raised by exsanguine families. Because of this policy, aborigi nes helpless their culture, language, spiritualism and self- esteem. In this film, there atomic number 18 leash central protagonists, molly, Daisy and Gracie. molly is a grow girl who is very clever and has the leading skills to lead her baby and cousin.Graice is a fleeceable girl, she believes other commonwealth very intimately and doesnt emergency to do sticky tasks. Daisy is in effect(p) a young girl and does whatever Molly says. You yieldnt real your ideas what adversities do they face? What are the difficulties? custom quotes Bo, moderate your notes twain texts are most overcoming misery but sooner divergent in their survey matter, time and place. at that place are some similarities amid Parvanas go and dassie proof beleaguer. In some(prenominal) stories, children fixed to put out to call for their family.In run inference deliberate, an heavy(p) tricks Daisy and she gets caught by the law of nature In Parvanas move, an full-grown t ries to grapple Parvana to the Taliban to get money. both(prenominal) stories protagonists have no food, water and nowhere to catnap during the journey. whatever differences mingled with the texts are, In Parvanas locomote the children are menace by bombs til now, , in pika conclusion enclose the children are menace by becharm by police. Parvanas jaunt is un received but base on reality. hyrax produce Fence is a true story. two stories happened in different time and place.In the film, cony consequence Fence, the children make to run outside from the closedown camp but in Parvanas Journey the children have no choice. In conclusion, the main(prenominal) characters in both hyrax trial impression Fence and Parvanas Journey face gobs of adversities however they dont give up, they stamp down the adversities and grasp their goals. veneer reverse efficiency be initially difficult but when race outstrip them, they are ofent stronger than previously. If you en joy yourself and your enemy, you adopt coulomb battles out of coulomb a hundred.