Examples of Literary Text Analysis

Examples of Literary Text AnalysisThe written news post spark so much in a per give-and-take. It apprise bring a psyche to begin a great imagination, render a person into a hero, villain, anything that person essentials to be. The written word can take a person to any part of the world with extinct so far leaving the comfort of your home. The written word breaks finished cultural barriers, gives a person former(a) perspectives. The written word can also be used to terry down those bridges people try to rise up over to get to the other status. The written word is like an creative person without an sourual painting. The writer takes a person into the future as sanitary as into the agone and back into the present. William Blake, put the art of imagination into silvery words, This world is a world of imagination and vision. But to eyes of the worldly concern of vagary, Nature is Imagination itself. As a man is, So he sees. (DiYanni, 2007 page 2200) Emotions transpire thr oughout for each one piece of work an spring has written. Repeated elements in action, gesture, dialogue, description, as well as shifts in direction, focus, time, place. The tour begins with a well known author Cathy song and her poetry disconnected Sister.Lost Sister by Cathy countersigng and the Bible the Prodigal SonThis level starts in a culture and identity-envisioning narrative. In chinawargon, even peasants named their initiatory daughters Jade-the stone that in the far fields could moisten the dry season. (Cathy Song, (DiYanni, 2007 pp 1188) in the beginning of this story, a father in China, has a daughter and is uplifted to name her Jade. This is background the tone from the attitude toward the daughter with love and taste from a father that is poor and works for a living. The story gives the antic of maybe the timeframe is placed in an ancient town where there could be different hearty conclaves. Known is when the writer says, even the peasants. The storyte ller goes on to explain the setting metaphor (could make men move mountains for the mend green of the inner hills glistening like slices of winter melon) Figurative Language, metaphoric all(prenominal)(a)y the narrator is plowing of the stone jade and what it means to men, and how they will relieve oneself this precious stone. Structuralism and Social denunciation is applied when the narrator goes into what was pass judgment of a daughter given the historical period. (And the daughters were grateful They never left field home. To move renouncely was a luxury stolen from them at birth. Pp 1189) Feminist Criticism In this line the interpretation is that the women are restricted to what they are allowed to do and not allowed to do. The narrator changes the daughters attitude from being grateful into feeling detain and serve upless for being a young girl that is born into this life. (Instead, they insert patience learning to walk in shoes the size of teacups, without breaking-t he crook of their movements as dormant as rooted willow, as redundant as the farmyard hens. Pp 1189)Lost Sister by Cathy Song and the Bible the Prodigal SonThis gives the reader the since that the daughter does not look forward to what she does day in and day out. In these lines, she is wishing she could go a sort somewhere better. The song goes on mentioning a sister thus far, this sister is on the other side of the ocean. (There is a sister across the ocean, who relinquished her name, diluting jade green with the unconsecrated of the Pacific. Pp 1189) this sister apparently did not like the restrictions put on her way of life so she did something about her situation and left China. In coincidence the in Acts the New Testament, the author Luke, The Prodigal son, did not like where he lived and so took upon himself to go to another country. (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 27). This verse uses Flashback and Symbols (You find you need China your one fragile identification, a jade link handcu ffed to your wrist. You remember your stick who walked for centuries, footless and like her, you fool left no footprints, only exclusively because there is an ocean in between, the unremitting space of your rebellion.) (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 1190). some(prenominal) sisters hurl a conscience of an inner conflict one sister desires to entertain her family by staying in China, Acts the New Testament, the author Luke, Just like the oldest son in The Prodigal Son, Now the elder son was in the field, and as he came and drew nigh to the house, he heard music and dancing. In addition, the son said to the father Lo, these many years do I serve, neither transgressed also obeyed what you have command. (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 27). The sister in the States split second back and is regretting leaving her life in China, she is finding out independence is not so free and this life is not what she probably had imagined. missy by Jamaica Kincaid and Alice footnote in Everyday spendThe similarities of these stories are the relationships that mothers and daughters have with each other. In the Girl by Jamaica Kincaid, it starts with a mother bighearted instructions on how the wash is supposed to be done. (Wash the white change state on Monday and put them on the stone heap wash the illusion frock on Tuesday and put them on the clothesline to dry.) (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 397) There is no entry of the characters, no action, and no traditional plotline. In the story of Everyday utilization by Alice Walker, this story has a similar theme, a mother with two daughters narrates this story and how she interacts with each daughter. In similarities both stories are Anthropological each story gives a history behind the story. In Everyday practise Mrs. solelytson, starts out describing how her relationship is with her eldest daughter. Then the mother goes on telling about the day when Dee, the daughter came home from college. (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 743) both stories give an allusion to w here the setting takes place. Girl, by Kincaid, the setting took place in their house, during the instruction on how to go by the house clean. (This is how you sweep a corner this is how sweep a all house this is how you sweep a yard (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 398)In Walkers story Everyday single-valued function The daughters have different bring in points on how they see their identities and on how they view their heritage. The conflict is over some heirloom quilts. The story Girl by Jamaica Kincaid continues with other instructions on how to become a Young woman should act like. (dont walk barhead in the hot sun cook pumpkin fritters in very hot sweet oil soak your little clothes right after you take them off.) (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 397) These values are passed on to their daughters which are frequently heard by mothers throughout the story especially in Jamaica Kincaids story ofGirl by Jamaica Kincaid and Alice Walker in Everyday UseGirl commands to help prevent her daughter from becomi ng a jade green. the slut that she is so bent on(p) on becoming.(DiYann, 2007, Pp 397) There is not much contrariety in a cultural relationship between mothers and daughters in the past to the present day. The mother wants to pass on the necessary cultural and object lesson practices and values that she was taught by her mother. In both points of view, the narrator is speaking in the first person. In Girl by Jamaica Kincaid, the mother is referring to herself as I for example the slut I know you are so bent on becoming and the slut I have warned you against becoming. (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 397) Mrs. Johnson, an uneducated woman, tells the story herself. Mrs. Johnson said, I never had an education myself. (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 745) The church raised money to help send Dee to shoal in Augusta, GA. (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 744). The stories both depict a social and economic view on how life was. Girl by Jamaica Kincaid showed the rescue by how she brought to attention in pp 397 dont sing benn a in Sunday school you mustnt speak to wharf-rat boys, not even to give directions. Critics appreciate the quality of how Kincaid and Walker represented the image of how mother and daughters bond and how powerful one person can effect ones life. The reader learns a particularly relationship operates in a colonial culture and in the deep south of Georgia. Both writers use the observation of life to validate their experiences in their own life. Both writers used this technique to authenticate oppressed group of people depress phase, black women. This is point of view is also shared with the oppressing of a group of people by the poetry by Langston Hughes moon Deferred and Woody Guthries poem This Land Is Your Land.This Land Is Your Land by Woody Guthrie and Dream Deferred by Langston HughesThis put down is your land, this land is my land, From California to the New York island from the redwood forest, to the Gulf shoot waters This land was make for you and me. (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 897) Woody Guthrie, started his poem out with a patriotic song that sets the tone for being proud of ones country. Compared to Hughes poem Dream Deferred, he starts questioning the American day- ideate. What happens to a dream deferred? (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 896) Gathrie, goes on in his poem stating As I walking the ribbon of highway I saw above me the endless skyway I saw downstairs me that golden valley This land was made for you and me. This stanza is pointing out that dreams and possiblities are possible. Nevertheless, in Hughes poem the question is not having the dream but points out that the narrator has the dream but because of cirumstances that is not knowing to the reader he goes on asking, Does it dry up like a rasien in the sun? (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 897) Or fester like a sore-and then run? This part of the poem in oness opioin is asking if he should put the dream aside for for a while but then it becomes to strong of a desire to make this dream come true it may effective come out in spite of the obscales in the way. On the contrary, in Guthries poem Ive roamed and rambled and I followed my footsteps To the sparkling littoral of her diamond deserts And all around me a voice was sound This land was made for you and me. When the sun came shining, and I was strolling, And the wheat fields beckon and dust clouds rolling, As fog was lifting voice was chanting This land was made for you and me. As I went walking, I saw a sign there, And on the sign it said No Trespassing. Here the narrator roams the United States however there are parts in theThis Land Is Your Land by Woody Guthrie and Dream Deferred by Langston HughesUnited States those are not free to roam. Guthrie, a radical, was inspired to write the song as an answer to Irving Berlins best-selling(predicate) God Bless America, which he thought failed to recognize that it was the people to whom America belonged. The words to This Land Is Your Land radiate Guthries assumption that patriotism, supp ort for the underdog, and class struggle were all of a piece. In this song, Guthrie celebrates Americas natural beauty and bounty, but criticizes the country for its failure to share its riches. Reflected in the poem least-known verse In the shadow of the steeple I saw my people, By the relief position I seen my people As they stood hungry, I stood there asking Is this land made for you and me. (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 898) Woody Guthrie, This was material deliberately created to promote the war effort, expressing the ardent fervor of left-wing resistance to fascism. The poem Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes and the poem This Land is Your Land by Woody Guthrie, is clearly a supporter of the American culture to have change in how America views freedom for all. Langston Hughes poem Dream Deferred is expressing the same theme as Woody Guthrie has pointed out that words can transform a person into a hero, suppress a persons since of what is right and what is wrong. The imagery that is vi vidly written on physical composition touches a persons emotions to make things right or at least reflect on how the future can be changed. Both poems have a way of being a window through the construction of the poem so one can see the reality of what message they want to get across. Using irony and figurative speech help dominance each line to understand what the message was.ConclusionEven during the 1960s, American progressives continued to seek ways to fuse their love of country with their inverse to the governments policies. The March on Washington in 1963 gathered at the capital of Nebraska Memorial, where Martin Luther King Jr. famously quoted the words to My Country Tis of Thee, repeating the idiomatic expression Let freedom ring 11 times. (Dreier and Flacks, 2005) This tone is set through out Hughesand Guthrie poems and short stories and songs, seting the stage to get this message out that all men should be free to choose where they want to live and all men and women sho uld be free to pursue their dreams without another telling them what dream they should have. Along with woody guthries songs that freedom should be granted not just to the people that have money. But to all that do an honesty old age work and get paid equally. In all the short stories and poems that have been represented in this essay, the one thing that all of the authors have in common is their basic values, and economic and social equality to mass parcipation in politices. The desire to have free speech and civil liberties an eleminate the second-class citizenship and racial minorities.William Blake, put the art of imagination into such eloquent words, This world is a world of imagination and vision. But to eyes of the man of Imagination, Nature is Imagination itself. As a man is, So he sees. (DiYanni, 2007 page 2200) John Kotter wrote, The single biggest challenge in manging change is not strategy, structure, or culture, but just getting people to change their behavior. Kotter g oes on to say that muckle change their behaviors only when they are motivated to do so, and that happens when you speak to their feelings. These authors speak to ones feelings to motivate a person to make things right.

Evaluation Of The Employment Practices

Evaluation Of The Employment PracticesIntroduction Wal-Mart as a galactic private sell player in both America and the world, has of late gained public concerns over its exercising lawsuits. The employee lawsuits against Wal-Mart include illegal immigrants child labor, upset wage poor benefits, sex discrimination, absolute overtime work. This has greatly flying Wal-Mart reputation. It is obvious that Wal-Mart has offended the the ethical principles stated in world(a) employment Standards leaf-book and deformed its Employment Practices by the above lawsuits. Therefore, in this essay, ground on the current issues, it entrust evaluate Wal-Mart Employment Practices by involving leash ethical principles of GBS Codex ( haughtiness, law and Citizenship Principles). At the end of the essay, based on the previous evidence and analysis, proper conclusion will be do to furtherly address the business ethics in confederation employment practices. The Dignity PrincipleThere argon ei ght principles covered in the Global Business Standards Codex including fiduciary, property, reliability, transp arncy, dignity, reasonableness, citizenship, responsiveness (Carroll Buchholtz, 2008). These principles are not only applicable for business but in addition for the emloyment practices within organization. All of these codes should be well-thought-of by organizations when designing and implementing to govern their employment practices. The Dignity Principle refers to the obligingness for the individual, health and saftey, privacy and confidentiality, use of force, association and expression, learning and development and employment security and so on (Carroll Buchholtz, 2008). It requires organizations to respect the right wings of employees in the working environment, and post sound system to maintain the individuals development career within the organization. Wal-Mart has been effect guilty of forcing employees to work off-the-clock in the meal time, rest breaks and holding employees locked in Wal-Mart stores after closing. Wal-Mart is accused of not paying employees for the time worked off-the-clock. Employees are forced to work off-the-clock but without additional payment, from this perspective, Wal-Mart is not doing the right business ethics. By ignoring the feelings of employees towards the overtime working, Wal-Mart has offended the dignity principle and abuse its rights as an employer. In this way, Wal-Mart was sued by its employees with the evidence that the company did not respect individuals labour. Low wage and poor benefits are overly complained by close employees especially those working at the downhearteder level. As Wal-Mart has been long-term devising the consistent commitment to customers with low prices and quality goods, on the one hand, Wal-Mart continually push pressure on its suppliers, and on the other hand, it has to reduce its economic consumption on the labor costs by offering lower yield and fewer benefits than many comparable retailers (Hemphill, 2008). In 2006, American Victory alliance representing 6 million American labors organized assembly in 35 cities in United States to protest Wal-Mart not providing medical insurance and low salary etc (Mathoda, 2006). From the GBS Codexs view, this betrays the ethic standard in terms of giving the corresponding salaries and benefits according to what they have done to the organization. Therefore, Wal-Mart has violated the dignity principle. In this way, employees are keeping leaving the company and contribute to the loss of human resources. The Fairness Principle The fairness principle in GBS Codex refers to fair dealing, fair preaching, fair competition, fair process (Carroll Buchholtz, 2008). some(prenominal) organization in the grocery store should comply with these fairness requirements both in its business transaction with its suppliers, customers, and its treatment principle to its employees. As employees are the best fortune for an organization, it is very of the essence(p) for an organization to realize it as one the key elements for its business success. inequitable treatment to employees is a violation of ethical principle. Wal-Mart was charged of sex descrimination by two women in 2001. Three years later, the sex descrimination case upgraded into embodied case. The plaintiffs of over 1.6 million were all the women employed by Wal-Mart since 1988 (Crosby, Stockdale Ropp, 2007). This case has make great concerns from American and international communities. Wal-Mart has been found the practice of gender prepossession with great discrimination against female employees and it has also been accused of demeaning employees with disabilities and contrariety based on sexual orientation. The unfairness of treating women is reflected in many shipway including salaries, packagings, training etc (Besen Kimmel, 2006). In the case of a woman who was qualified for forward motion and has worked for the position for many years, however, when she turned to her manager with touch to requiring for promotion, her manager at once refused the proposal just because she is a woman. While man employees would get promotion under the same situation. In this way, Wal-Mart is greatly disobeying its employment practices as it will give every employee the fair opportunity of training, developing and promoting. From the GBS Codex perspective, Wal-Mart also violates the fairness principle to a great extent. The Citizenship Principle The citizenship principle refers to behaviors of unchangeable by law regulation, public goods, cooperation with authorities, political noninvolvement, and civic contribution (Carroll Buchholtz, 2008). Any organization firstly is a citizen in the society and should do what a citizen should do to the society so as to increase its image as a qualified organization. Wal-Mart has not been cooperated with coalescence Organizations. It shows great resistance to Unions. Since it s establishment, Wal-Mart stay the position as not allowing Unions involvement. Prior to American nationwide Union movement, Wal-Mart printed and distributed Managers Practical Guide for Resisting Union to train and emphasize managers are the first line of defense (Tilly, 2007). Many Unions have given up the hopes of persuading Wal-Mart to center in. Wal-Mart has its own opinion on this issue. It declares it is not anti-union organization, and it is making efforts to close partner. Since it implements an control surface policy for its employee staff and allow any employee to tell problems and concerns. Therefore, Wal-Mart does not motivation Unions. Like most of organizations, it is hard for Wal-Mart to change its attitudes towards Unions. It thinks Unions will object the corporation culture, and are just interested in receiving expensive Union fellow member charges or organizing strikes but can not make any realistic commitment to the growth of company. However, this is bad for employees since they do not have a third party organization to supervise and protect their rights. Although it is not compulsory for an organization to join in Union, in United States Union plays a significant role in protecting employees rights in many aspects. By resisting Unions involvement, Wal-Mart actually deprived employees legal rights (Ness, 2005). Therefore, Wal-Mart as a mass retailing player does not comply with the citizenship principle to some extent. Conclusion In conclusion, as the results of analyses of the above three ethcial principles of Global Business Standard Codex and Wal-Mart ethical issues in terms of its employment practices, Wal-Mart was continually confronted lawsuits or complaints from its employees with regard to overtime work, less wage, poor benefits, sex discrimination etc. It is also impressive to be resisting Union involvement. For many years, Wal-Mart has been facing the most dear accuses with a calculation of 13 lawsuits every day. For the long time, Wal-Mart has been focusing whole and continously to strive to reduce the prices and has ignored the deal with other issues such as wasting time with medias. However, as it grows fast and internationally, Wal-Mart may start to concetrate on making efforts to improve its reputation as a good employer and retailer.

Environmentalism in US Politics

Environmentalism in US Politicsenvironmentalist Gets Down to EarthOver the past few years, environmentalists had yet to attend accountable successes in their campaigns, as great deal seemingly refused to listen to their plans and ideas. For example, environmentalists eer alert customers about the contents of common goods, yet despite of the prodigal and uncontrolled amount of fat and calories that atomic number 18 unhealthy, in that location is tendency for the customers to dissolve the messages. Or the fact that their campaigns to residerict carbon emissions have interrupted miserably in 2010, regardless of the obvious warning signs of global thaw. Challenged with difficulties, environmentalists groups be revolutionizing themselves to the new circumstances. Executives have been changed frequently over the past 15 months. alternatively of focusing on global problems that do non seem to clear attentions, or that ar too difficult to solve at the moment, environmentalists a re sharpening their focus into a to a greater extent than transitional and local anxieties. On die of that, they will besides attempt to draw attention to the relationship mingled with lobbyists and elections. Their roughly noniceable success, which was the discontinuation of Keystone XL pipeline, is being propelled send again this year by its defenders in the Congress. Things dont drive out there. With the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico early in 2010, in addition to the defeat to limit carbon emissions globally, the only if objective leftover to save them from collapsing is to carry on with immobiliseing the scheduled pipeline. In order for their organizations to last out practical, they need young leading that could effectively communicate with younger generations. ace example is Mr. McKibben, founder of 350.org, who successfully conveyed the groups message to the rest of the populations by the bureau of mass communications, noticeably the internet, and mass prote sts. Mr. McKibben commented that young leaders often dismisses losses and are more eager to fight yet though lucks arent in their favors. Michael Brune is one of the leaders that are most praised by Mr.McKibben. Michael Brune became the executive director of Sierras Club at the age of 38. He does not concentrate on global warming on a international scale, how forever, cleverly on a lots more local scale. For example, he would point out how local combust plant is contri exclusivelying to asthma attacks in children, which would raise concerns from local parents, and in effect, supporters for his campaigns.Hydraulic fracturing is also one problem that the local has to face. Strictly speaking, graphic gasconade is one of the cleanest source of energy (or as environmentalists call it, greenest). However, it is not natural gas that is causing problems, but the way it is being lay in by companies. Primitive regulations around hydraulic fracturing is producing unsuitable ways to reali ze gas from underground, which is poisoning the underground water supplies. governmentally speaking, environmentalists are preponderantly Democrats. However, recent voting expenditures on both parties are quite iniquitous and excessive. Hence, this creates distrusts within the people as succeeded mountaindidates are not obliged to despatch their promises. Therefore, seeing how both political parties are sailing towards profits rather common good, people are often divided. Consequently, the goal of environmentalists is to unite people to strive for a more prosperous future for humanity.Drilling Critics strikingness a Divide Over the Goal of Their FightHydraulic fracturing or fracking is a controversial matter at the present. It is to extract natural gas by drilling and infusing fluid underground at high pressure. Easier verbalise than done. As mentioned before, natural gas is one of the greenest source of energy available. It is the unregulated ways of extracting the mentioned source that is creating concerns with local and national organizations. Even though there are solutions to the problems, people are undecided as to comp permitely ostracise the method or enforce on stricter regulations. Of course, there are unendingly two sides to the stories. Needless to say, there are jobs that are involved with fracking, and by banning it, there will be unpredicted consequences. Regulations are standardised to laws, which are often different from state to state. It will be in rectitude difficult to one simple solution to fix it all. Such that fracking is economically potent, it is emerging as an industry, and a profitable one at that. Landowners are eager to participate to benefit from the process. But the more people herald to understand about fracking and how it is practiced, it is difficult to state whether the whole process send packing be unspoiledly handled. Wes Gillingham, program director for Catskill Mountainkeeper, predicted it, a disaster for crude York enjoin. The issue is a rather complicated one, such that, the order surgical incision of Environmental Conservation has received 20,800 comments from citizens, which forthrightly exceeds all issues that have ever surfaced. The problem here is the fact that complete banning of the practice is not possible, as any profitable businesses will continue to exist, however, to what extent the presidential term should regulate is questionable. Even though the oppositions see the practice as wrong and endangering to neighborhood, its supporters regard fracking as a cleaner source of energy, which would be on par with renewable sources of energy, such as wind and solar power. conservationists groups themselves are divided, as some regard it as safe and secure season others completely disagree. A possible solution has arisen is to suspend fracking until further studies are completed. The obvious fact ispeople do not wish fracking to continue at its state, which is profitably harmful.Chapter 5Year 2000, representative candidate Al Gore received more than 550,000 more suffrages, but Electoral College decided who win the presidency by a bulk. The voting was so that the Florida Electoral College could have choken the majority to either George provide or Al Gore as the next President. It is obvious that when Florida State received too much attention, there will be briberies and cheatings involved. The cheatings could not possibly fall down from the two candidates themselves, but there were corporations interested in one specific candidate winning. That was the reason why Gore sued Floridas State from having counted the chooses manually, and possibly cheated along the way. Gore demanded for a recount, however, scrubbing prevented from happening. In the end, George Bush won the presidency, yet, it was not clear whether he won by having majority in 537 total votes in Florida or merely on vote on the Supreme Court.Year 2004, Bush easily dominated his oppon ent. He received 3,500,000 more votes nationwide, and also won a majority of the everyday vote in the Electoral College. Bushs victory did not reflect only on his personal achievement, but also on the Republicans new domination. on with Republicans winning presidency by having both majority in the ordinary vote and Electoral College, they have dominated the kinless company, by having more majorities in the House of object lessons and in the Senate.It is surprising that the unify States has one of the terminal rates in turnout in comparison to other industrialise democracies. The rates of turnout reflects upon citizens will of participation and citizens view of the political parties. The United States is a two-party system, whereas other democratic countries have multiparty. The reason is that Democratic and Republican parties have dominated the political systems for a lengthy blockage of time, and the introduction of any political parties is deemed unnecessary, hence uncov ered by any mass media communication, thus, unnoticed by the public. This is noticeably one effect of the media upon the political system. The low rate of turnout indicates the skepticism of the citizens upon the political parties, where they dont trust any of the parties. Some will have to choose the lesser evil of the two, while others decide not to participate. In addition, the turnout was severely suppressed in the South, as voters were required to pay a high fee to vote, took a literacy test as well as a good reference work test. That was why seventy five percentages of the blacks and poor were eliminated from voting. Political scientist Walter Burnham states that working class citizens dont vote as much the the upper class in society. This can explain by the fact that the working class cannot often let go their time to vote, as voting time is synced with working hours. In addition, their votes dont always matter as candidates can win by having majority in the Electoral Colle ge. The upper class citizens vote more often than debase class citizens and they have more chance to influence the outcome through donations to political campaigns. Interestingly enough, the authors of the Constitution never believed in political parties. They condemned political parties as a danger to liberty, and hoped for the government to constantly check and remnant the parties. Because of our two party system, there will be diverse and foreign interests within the same group. For example, in the past, there were people from the Democratic Party that supported the integration and those opposed it. The political parties often ignored the conflicts or any concerns from the citizens, since they will have no choice but to vote for one of the party. The political parties will only response to issues that are beneficial to the elites, since they are the biggest supporters and donors. In a way, the two system party fail to reflect upon the needs of the majority and satisfies a sma ll portion of society.The truth remains that candidates need a lot of currency for their political campaigns and ads. For example, in 2004, 91% of the Senate and 96 % of the House of Representatives won their seats because they spent more than their opponents. Candidates dont often have the gold readily available, however, these money can come from donations from corporations and firms. These companies often regard these expenditures as investment for their political influence. The truth is, they are. Representative Michael Oxley put it as, it would be difficult to ask people to contribute, and not let us know their opinion. It is hard to conversate with politicians, but with a little chipping of money, they might hear us better. It is of course illegal to directly give cash to politicians for political decision, however, contributions are elusive and indirect, thus, making them legal. The benefits of donations can overwhelm the motivation for legislator to support a bill and re commendation of amendments to a bill. see how corrosive and elusive these contributions are, the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) was introduced in 1974 to control contributions and spending. All receipts and disbursement are required to be made public. But on the other hand, the Political Action Committees was also formed to combat with the FECA. There are basically two kinds of contributions, spongelike and hard money. Hard money has to be reported, yet, soft money, which is meant for educational and construction party purposes, is unregulated and unlimited. In fact, 3/4 of the soft money come from business executives. The solution from the FECA was to increase the amount of hard money contributions per person, from $1000 to $2000. Even though money does not guarantee victory, it means one has not spent enough money to achieve what they desired. Political participation in the U.S is namely open, one can know for trustworthy that it is not free.

Examine The Export Led Growth Strategy Economics Essay

insure The lot Led Growth St rollgy Economics Essay ingressThis paper is focalizationed to envision the merchandise- conduct appendage st regularizegy. This is al appearances believed that the maturation countries arouse enhance their saving egress by means of the get by promotion strategies. The economists much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Giles and Williams (1999) mentioned about export led proceeds which strategy bugger off positive kinship in the midst of export and thriftiness growth. There argon make out of factors argon luxuriouslylighted in lit percentage pointture survey which atomic number 18 liable intimately in the export led growth pretense. All factors ar mentioned in this paper in detail. This strategy has been adopted by umpteen growth countries and emerging countries to become out from recession. Some countries atomic number 18 thriving to achieve their maturation goals still nigh atomic number 18 not. This paper look for is establish on tri andary data query. The molybdenumary data research provides wide range of data to analysis. For utilisation Foreign Direct enthronement (FDI) constitution says that the analysis is based on primary as good as secondary data, while the primary survey provides limited k without delayledge for the requisite analysis, the secondary database has been a major source of detailed firm- and plant-level analysis. The secondary database provided a rich source of plant-level data which has been utilise extensively in the analysis. The slap-upine database provides data on much(prenominal) than 14,000 Indian listed and unlisted companies classified to a lower place more than 300 industries. The information used is based on FDI really received (SEBASTIAN, N.J, 2010). In this disc everywhere books, articles and journals used to examine the export-led growth and increase policies of countries. The statics and data live collected from argonna Bank, Asiatic reading tilt and International Monetary Fund (IMF) cogitations. The reckon is not untried, in one-time(prenominal)(a) two decades number of studies analysed on exports and rescue teaching. Past studies such as (Krueger, 1978 Chenery, 1979 Tyler, 1981 Kavoussi, 1984 Balassa, 1985 Ram, 1985, 1987 Chow, 1987 Fosu, 1990 and Salvatore and Hatcher, 1991) in the favour of export led growth and economy development, only if different studies such as ( Jung and Marshal, hereafter referred as JM,1985 Kwan and Cotsomitis, 1990 Ahmad and Kwan, 1991 Dodaro, 1993 Oxley, 1993 Yaghmaian, 1994 and Ahmad and Harnhirum, hereafter referred as AH, 1995) argue against the economy development. While we are examining the export led growth wayl in the point of fool economy growth, thus we too need to focus on globalization as nearly. There are many types of globalization for standard globalization of culture, globalization of economy and globalisation of society. harmonize to the Wal ker en corn dab (1992) (MOSTERT, J, 2003) the global integration of the pecuniary securities industrys endure be entrancen as an congressman globalisation. Walker en Fox argues than the sue of financial globalisation is the most upshotant part of the process of globalisation. Globalisation is the most pull up stakesant part of economy, Brittan (19982) states that as a whirlwind of grue around and disruptive change which leaves governments helpless and leaves a trail of frugal, social heathenish and environmental problems in its wake (MOSTERT, J, 2003). The humanity is connecting to each oppositewise via new technology, via phones, via satellite etc. entirely before 50 years ago it was not much easier then today. For object lesson today Asian countries got number of mobile users. The big telecom companies of UK such as Vodafone and O2 are already invested in India (south Asia). Baldwin and Martin (1999) mentioned that the innovations and advances in conveyancing, information and communications technologies (RAJAN, Graham Bird and Ramkishen S., 2001). This wrap up is mainly examining the export led growth modelling in ontogenesis countries. This paper examines the south Asia part of field and chosen domain is India. This report is structured as section 2 brings overview of globalisation and literary works review of globalisation, section 3 highlighted the scotch globalisation and in section 4 touch on of globalisation, in further section 5 is about the overview of develop economies, section 6 spells out export led growth model and literature review of export led growth model, section 7 presents the fewer recommendations on the basis a posteriori studies offspring, the section 8 survive discussed about the export promotion strategies which are adopted by India and detailed examine the strengths and weakness of these promotion strategies, in the final part of this report is section 9 summarizes the discussion and conclusion.Ov erview of GlobalisationGlobalisation is the modern vogue which is changing the human beings tack system and world politics. The globalisation is the guidance to reduces the barriers mingled with two countries and interchange the goods, utilitys, labor party and capital. Globalisation is common and cheapest way to reduce the transportation appeal, communication cost. It is the faster way to communicate, lower consider barriers and to raise the capital flows. In the result of globalisation the developing economies neat more close with the world. As per United Nations University, In the new era of growing integration of economies and societies, individuals and corporations reach around the world further, faster, and more economi abusey than before (HESHMATI, Almas, 2005).Literature review of GlobalisationGlobalization has its roots in the second-half of the eighteenth century. The period 1870-2000 is classified into (i) the counterbalance wave of globalization 1870-1913, (ii) the de-globalization period of 1913-50, (iii) the golden age of 1950-73, and (iv) the second wave of globalization from 1973 onwards (see ORourke and Williamson 2000 ORourke 2001 Maddison 2001 Williamson 2002 and World Bank 2002) (HESHMATI, Almas, 2005). Globalisation is a marge that has become real popular and used in many antithetical contexts in the literature. Before the extend to of globalisation on Africa sack up be evaluated it is crucial that the meaning of globalisation should be clarified. The definition of globalisation should as well be distinguished from hurt same(p) externalization, officealization and liberalization (MOSTERT, J, 2003). Some claims that globalisation is the breakdown between countries border, economy and communities. Giddens (1999) has characterized as a runway world. For better or worse, he says, We are macrocosm propelled into a global order that no one in full understands, except which is making its cause felt upon all of us (HELD, David, 2000). however we look other definition of globalisation given by computed tomography Brainbant, he says the process of globalisation not only includes opening up of world trade, development of advanced means of communication, transnationalisation of financial markets, growing importance of MNCs, population migrations and more generally increased mobility of persons, goods, capital, data and ideas but to a fault infections, diseases and pollution (GOYAL, Krishn A, 2006). He overly pointed out the negative aspects of globalisation as well. O Brien (19925) also links the definition of globalisation to geographical borders. OBrien distinguishes between national, world(prenominal), offshore and global. National transactions take place between businesses in the selfsame(prenominal) domain (MOSTERT, J, 2003). In the end globalisation is connect with exchange of service, goods or capital between countries. As Redding (199919) defines globalisation the increase integration between the markets for goods, services and capital, Reddings definition also links globalisation to the breakdown of borders (MOSTERT, J, 2003). The Globalisation is transforming trade, finance, employment, migration, technology, communications, the environment, social systems, and ways of living, cultures and patterns of governance (STREETEN, Paul, 1998).Economic globalisationThe invention of globalisation is very broad. The different people have different views and definitions about globalisation. Some economists view globalisation as positive effects on the world economy and world trade but some says globalisation has negative effects as well (see Bhagwati, 2002) (BHAGWATI, J, 2002). Today as we see the cultural, political and technological globalisation is authorized but we cant ignore sparing globalisation as well. Robinson (2001) mentioned that the fulcrum of the various definitions of globalization seems to be wealth or economical development, the parameters within whic h many schools of thought view globalization is usually based on trade or economic activity (OBADAN, Mike I., 2008). The debate about globalisation is the lack of a clearly agreed definition of the c erstwhilept- the word globalisation exists with many interpretations- but a clear concept is often missing (HELD, David, 2000). But if we see in general definition of globalisation is that it is free movement of goods, service, task and capital across borders (HESHMATI, Almas, 2005). As this concept is not new debate globalisation was started from 18th century and now it is in second phase. Whenever the economic crisis came in world for character after World War II or 1991 the countries started international trade. The motive behind this only is economic growth. In today competitive world any coarse wants to compete other and want to become a rich and powerful soil of the world. For type mainland mainland China and India they opened their gate for trade with world and they are on the top in economy growth. However globalisation is not only economic globalisation or not only social or political or cultural globalisation, in other words globalisation is a multifaceted (Daouas, 2001 Obadan, 2001b and 2002b IMF Staff, 2002 UNDP (Nigeria), 2001, etc) (OBADAN, Mike I., 2008). The economic globalisation is the central term concept of globalisation. International trade is participating in shrink the world. For deterrent example in UK or USA you can get easily Asian food or goods, the main exports are India and Pakistan. brazil nut is the worlds no.1 java exports and Malaysia is the worlds no.1 AC (Air Conditioner) supplier. Another example is Multinational Companies become the main careers of the economic globalisation like McDonalds, KFC and some examples of merger of MNC such as Tata Motors (India) merger with jaguar (UK) and Tata India merger with Bangladeshi company to make bicycle for exports to USA. In 1996, in that location were altogether only more than 44,000 MNCs in the whole world, which had 280,000 overseas subsidiaries and discriminate offices. In 1997, the volume of the trade of only the top 100 MNCs already came up to 1/3 of the worlds tote up and that between their parent companies and their subsidiaries took up another 1/3. In the US$ 3,000 billion balance of hostile direct investment at the end of 1996, MNCs owned over 80%. Furthermore, about 70% of international technological transfers were conducted among MNCs (SHANGQUAN, GAO, 2000). The globalisation mostly viewed as context of economics but it include human veraciouss and reduce the cost of transport, push back cost, communication cost. The main influence of globalisation on the world is to reduce the poverty. For example 30 years ago countries like India and China were very poor, but today these two countries have high corrupt power more than USA or any other genuine country.Impact of GlobalisationGlobalization has accelerated growth in the region and contrib uted to poverty reduction (GHANI, Ejaz and Anand, Rahul, 2009). The regard of globalisation is different on developing and different on real countries. Brittan (19988) indicated that globalisation led to an increase in the wealth of developed countries and also not to bigger poverty in the developing countries. As an example of the expediency in the developing countries Brittan referred to the improvement in the economic situation in the Asian countries (MOSTERT, J, 2003). But Hak-Min (19922) argued against the Brittan, he mentioned that the distribution of income between developed and developing countries has become less skewed by indicating that globalisation in the integrated world economy has lead to industrial growth in a limited number of developed countries. There are number of definitions of globalisation and thousands of critics as well in this world. In June 1996 at Communiqu of the Lyon Summit of G7 the given the statement on the opposition of globalisation, In an in creasingly interdependent world, we must all recognize that we have an interest in spreading the benefits of economic growth as widely as manageable and in diminishing the risk either of excluding individuals or groups in our own economies or excluding countries or regions from the benefits of globalisation (MUBIRU, Edward, 2003). harmonise to Killick (2000) a significant part of the world and a large numbers of countries are now rough-and-readyly participating in the processes of integration and globalisation. In this affection globalisation may be thought of as the integration of economies through trade, capital flows and information technology (MUBIRU, Edward, 2003). Frankel (20002) view globalisation as being one of the most powerful forces to have shaped the world economy during the past 50 years (LOOTS, ELSABE, 2001). In past two decades world economy is rapidly growing up. The world economy growth in 2010 is rose up as compare to 2008-2009. According to CIA since 1946 ec onomic crisis the gain world growth grew by 4.6% on the bounced of exports (CIA, 2011). It pass on be keep in 2011 and 2012 as well. According to IMF report expected economic growth at about 41/2 percent in twain(prenominal) year (IMF, 2011). Amazingly the exports boost by 20% in 2010 from 2009. The supra table shows about the largest economies of the world which GDP growth rate is very high and rapidly increasing. These five countries are world main exports, for example China in manufacturing, India for service and manpower, Taiwan in electronics, brazil nut for coffee and transport equipment and South Korea is for semiconductors and wireless communication. (CIA, 2011)Largest EconomiesGDP (%)China+10.1India+8.3Taiwan+8.3Brazil+7.5South Korea+6.1Table Largest Economies GDPAmong large economies, China (+10.1%), Taiwan (+8.3%), India (+8.3%), Brazil (+7.5%), and South Korea (+6.1%) recorded the biggest GDP gains-China also became the worlds largest exporter. Continuing uncertai nties in owe and financial markets resulted in slower growth in Japan (+3.0%), the US (+2.8%), and the European Union (+1.7%), (CIA, 2011). The China and India has surprised the world by their economic growth. The China has gain economy by exports of manufacturing products. For example, Australia and China free trade agreement in 2002 (MAI, Dr Yinhua et al., 2005). hoidenish like India is main manpower and service supplier for USA. India opened the trade gate after 1991 crisis. As per former studies of impact of globalisation is the key event in world economy. According to Akin and Kose, during this gradual process, several emerging countries have gained in economic importance and have begun to influence economic developments in other countries (FIDRMUC, JARKO and KORHONEN, IIKKA, 2009). China is one of the most important exporting and importing nations worldwide. India seems to be side by side(p) the development pathway of China more recently (see winter and Yusuf, 2007, and Y usuf et al., 2007), although India concentrates more on services than does manufacturing-oriented China (FIDRMUC, JARKO and KORHONEN, IIKKA, 2009). From last empirical studies and data statics we got the result that globalisation has participated a lot to boost up international trade. The international trade is the fast way to boost up economy and currency flows. The countries always implement new policies and international trade policies such as free trade and export led growth. Developing countries main focus is export led growth. The researchers mentioned that export led growth as supposal which gives country to achieve their development goals. Before we go further startle need to know what is export led growth model. After that this report will focus on a one of developing country which is already focusing on this model and gained their economy up. The chosen country is India and India is developing country and situated in south Asia. The crisis came in 1991 India was affect most in the world. After the crisis India opened their trade gates and implements some new export promotion programmes. From the time period till now India is almost successful to achieve their goals. To get better understanding on India and these export promotions discussed later in this paper. This report will also examine the strengths and weakness of programmes which India local anestheticize to achieve their development goals. On the basis of past empirical studies and research this paper will suggest some possible recommendations. Further start with export led growth, on the basis of past empirical studies we will try to find the definition of this model and also will focus on to find the relationship of export led growth and international trade.Overview of Developing EconomiesThe World Bank has divided the world economies in three parts. First is developed economies means which countrys economy is high , second is developing countries which countrys economies is growing up and last one is least(prenominal) developed country which means poor countries. The developing world describe as Africa, Asia and Latin America as compared to industrialized world such as Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America and Japan (NAYYAR, Deepak, 2009). The course of world economies concept came in 19th century. While the world economy was increasing up in 19th century then the second phase of globalisation was started. We already discussed supra about the globalisation and impact of globalisation on world economy. The developing country such as China is the important source for the world economy. China is following by India and there are more country will be in count in further time. China and India average growth rate surprised world economy. Today almost big countries are business with china. China main export is manufacturing products and India is service.Why Country Do ExportIn general way export is the growth engine. There are lot of benefits are involved with international trade. The main reason for trade is relative good. According to Feder (1982) exports helps economy in many ways such as greater capacity utilization, economies of scale, incentives for technological improvement and pressure of hostile competition, leading to more efficient management (IBRAHIM, Izani, 2002). Due to globalisation every country wants to become on peak. For example Brazil produces coffee most in the world and India is best in natural resources and tea. Iran and Iraq has lot fossil oil to export to world. These country exports their products on high price unless they sell their product on domestic demand. According to Monir Tayeb (2000) countries do export because they presumed to supply remote markets because it is paying for them to do so (TAYEB, Monir H., 2000). He also mentioned that countries also arouse to do Inter-industry trade (IIT) this is one type of international trade which is mentioned by Monir Tayeb (2000). The definition of IIT is tha t when a country tends to export one good and import a wholly different type of good. For example UK exports whiskey and imports the Brandy. Italy exports the drink to Germany and at the same time that it also imports German wines. In other way Inter-Industry trade occurs when two countries exchange different varieties of essentially the same type of good (TAYEB, Monir H., 2000). The question is what another benefits are involve with export? The different countries have different requirements for example in poor countries they export for economic growth and developing countries interested to do with some(prenominal) benefits development of their countries and relative advantage. The developed country like USA has massive employment of goods and electronic products so they do export to become more beneficial. But the most important is involved with export is government policies. How country export and what is the barriers for trade this is always decided by their governments. As per theoretical studies we will talk about the possible benefits which are involved with exports. So first is the comparative advantage second is economic growth and third is the development of country. First start with comparative advantageComparative Advantage The British economist David Ricardo (1817) invented the supposition of comparative advantage. The basic concept of advantage theory was written by Adam Smith in 1766 he set brought the theory of absolute advantage. He argued that countries would tend to specialise in international trade and in particular, that they would export goods they produced more cheaply than their trading partners and import goods they produced more expensively (TAYEB, Monir H., 2000). The above table is giving the simple divinatory example of absolute advantage.CountryWhisky (Cost per unit)Brandy (Cost per unit)United Kingdom7.008.50France8.507.00 offset Monir Tayeb (2000)In the example the UK whiskey is cheaper than France and the France Brandy is more cheaply then UK, because the consumer purchase France brandy from British sources and British consumers also do same they purchase from French suppliers. The key features of international trade are specialisation and exchange. Both countries are specialising in production of goods and they are exchanging their products to get benefit from absolute advantage. This concept simply says that it is good for both nations. This is good for world economy as well. Both countries who has good production of products and they can exchange their product on free trade agreement they will be beneficial both of them because they establishing their international market. This is also good for people because they are getting products on less money. Ricardo theory is based on physical and natural influences over competitiveness, technological and human factors which were given by succinctly economists. The most effective model of comparative advantage was Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theorem. This mode l originally developed by Heckscher (1919) and Ohlin (1933) and today as Heckscher-Ohlin comparative model. This model assumption is about capital and labour. For example Japan makes the robots to assemble the cars and other motors. The key thing is the labour is costly than compared to Japan. For example India sum total export in 2010 was $201 billion and total import was $327 billion in the world it shows India import goods more than export. This country is exchanging their products such as petroleum products, precious stones, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, vehicles, apparel. The main exports partners are UAE 12.87%, US 12.59%, China 5.59%. The other thing is very important to keep is the role of government policies and financial institutions to get better advantage of comparative advantage. The studies for example Memedovic (1994) included the type of state (class base, administrative capacity and mode of intervention) and argued that the help of the government can bring about changes in comparative advantage (SIEGFRIED BENDER, Kui-Wai Li, 2002). This is true the country do export because they have advantage of cheap labour. For example USA multinational companies have number of call centres in India. The USA average employee wages per hour is $18.00 to $22.00 per hour. But in India they are getting employee on $111 per month. India is the number one service exporter for USA. The below example is also of comparative advantage.Example Comparative AdvantageLets measure comparative advantage with an imaginary example. Suppose an acre of land in Canada can produce either 1 unit of shuck or 2 units of corn.3 And suppose an acre in the U.S. can produce either 3 units of wheat or 4 units of corn. The U.S. then has absolute advantage in both wheat (3 units vs. 1) and corn (4 units vs. 2). But we are twice as fecund in corn and thrice as productive in wheat, so we have comparative advantage in wheat.Source (FLETHER, Ian, 2010)The other model of comparativ e advantage named the specific factors theory is associated with Jones (1971). This model is only based on one factor is labour. But the H-O model considered two factors labour and capital. The below table is example of H-O comparative advantage modelCountryMan-Made Fabric actual costOpportunity Cost cotton fabric actual costOpportunity costUK3000.923251.08 flop4500 TL1.064250 TL0.94Source Hecksher-Ohlin comparative advantage p.17 (TAYEB, Monir H., 2000)The above example is showing the labour cost difference between UK and Turkey. So this is also comparative advantage for the countries. Porter (1990) mentioned some competitive advantages in his study. The above are the advantages which Porter (1990) mentionedThe availability of skilled labourLocally accessible technology and know howAccess to suppliers of key inputsMarket proximityThe local cost of inputsVernons (1966) product life cycle theory is also important in trade. He determined that every product has life cycle, once produc t has launched it is in introduction stage, once product people used and the product become popular on domestic level. In short time the product start export to world. In the end we can say if country is interested to do export because of comparative advantage and economy growth as well.Export Led GrowthIn past decades there are many empirical studies has been analysed on export-led growth and world economy. The main topic for these studies was to examine the relation between exports and economic growth for example Giles and Williams (2000). Most of studies were focus on exports and GDP, but some other studies such as Hatemi-J and Irandoust (2001), Hacker and Hatemi-J (2003) and Bernard and Jensen (2004) focused on the exports and total factor productivity (TFP) growth. While these studies were focusing on Exports and GDP or TFT but studies such as Murphy, Shleifer, and Vishny (1989) were purposed the theory of Big Push industrialization1. Murphy, Shleifer and Vishny (1989) state th at simultaneous industrialization of many sectors can be self-sustaining and profitable even if no sector can break even when expend alone.2 After the crisis of 1991 many Asian countries were under the recession time but countries like Thailand, Malaysia found the external way to overcome recession time. According to Felipe (2003) Since the East Asian financial crisis erupted in 1997, countries in the Asian and peaceful region have been immersed in a search exercise to key what policies led to the crisis and recession, and what alternative set of policies would lead them back to a path of sustained and higher growth rates. The Asian countries were trying to rebalance their economy and GDP, for example Jomo (1998), Seguina (2000), Lim (2004) said that The majority view has been that the crisis was the consequence of a fundamental blur in precrisis financial policies, which led to currency overvaluation, over borrowing, and over loaning for the domestic economy and speculative bub bles that eventually burst. The Thai government development policy was based on dual track strategy (Lian 2004).Relationships between Export and Economic Growth(Literature Review)This debate is controversy and number of empirical studies done already. Some authors suggested that open economy has positive effects on growth more than close economies (Sachs and Warner, 1995 Edwards, 1992, 1993, 1998 Srinivasan and Bhagwati, 1999 Krueger, 1997 Ben-David and Kimhi, 2000) (FREDERICO G. JAYME, Jr, 2001). Empirical evidence from developing countries sanction studies such as Taylor, 1993 McCombie and Thirlwall, 1999 Blecker, 1999b Helleiner, 1996 UNCTAD, 1995 (FREDERICO G. JAYME, Jr, 2001). Trade is the key concept for the countries to grow. For example countries like Malaysia, China, India and Brazil they all are got benefits from trade. The countries do export for comparative advantage. For example Brazil is number one coffee production country and world main coffee exporter as well. The trade is the only way to right use of economys resources by imports of goods and service otherwise they have to sell at home with high resources cost. For example Ricardian model says that the welfare gains if any country specializes in producing goods in which it has a comparative advantage (FREDERICO G. JAYME, Jr, 2001). The Hecksher-Ohlin-Samuelson (H-O-S) model, on the other hand, shows the welfare gains, In the two-country model that each country specializes based on their factor endowments. The result of these models is that international trade is the way to achieve the international competitiveness and static productivity. International trade enable to countries reduce the transportation cost, production cost and reduce the labour cost in suit of developing countries. Beck (2002) mentioned that Financial development and international trade are identify as macroeconomic variables as being highly correlated with economic growth performance across countries in the empirical gro wth literature (UDDIN, Md. Gazi Salah, 2005). The other example of empirical study of economic growth is Calderon and Liu (2003) says that the relationship between financial development and economic growth has now well recognized in the literature that financial development is crucial for economic growth and Chang (2002) mentioned that it is a necessary condition for achieving a high rate of economic growth (UDDIN, Md. Gazi Salah, 2005). Trade has a strong positive relationship with economic growth (Mazur and Alexander, 2001) (UDDIN, Md. Gazi Salah, 2005). Trade allows countries to set a large market for their domestic products. The two studies Prebisch (1950) and Singer (1950) about the effects of trade on income are based on two grounds First, incessant minify in the international price of raw materials and primary commodities would lead, without industrialization in developing countries, to more profound differences between developed and developing countries. Second, for their I ndustrialization, developing economies require short or medium term protection of their baby industries. Furthermore, the structure of trade, under which exports are concentrated on a few primary products and imports are constituted mostly by manufactured goods, renders developing countries overly dependent and vulnerable (RAZAFIMAHEFA, HAMORI Shigeyuki and Ivohasina F., 2003). The others author such as Levine and Renelt (1992) and Rodriguez and Rodrik (1999) show on trade effects on economic growth. There are most studies done in the favour of trade effects on growth but there are some studies which are contradicted with these studies. For example Rodrik 1995 argues that in most studies of bareness and growth, indicators used inappropriately reflect the trade regime (RAZAFIMAHEFA, HAMORI Shigeyuki and Ivohasina F., 2003). Edwards (1997) tests, for a data set of 93 countries, the robustness of the impact of trade on growth by introducing first alternatively and then simultaneously nine measures of openness. He said that each proxy for openness is correlated positively with economic growth and the composite index from those proxies also enters with a positive coefficient in the growth regression. Krueger (1978) study tested two hypotheses which has positive effects of openness on growth, first is more liberalized regimes result in higher rates of growth of exports, and second is a more liberalized trade sector has a positive effect on accumulate growth. Feder (1982) he analysed the set of 31 semi-industrialized count

Weak Governance and Social Cohesion

Weak g overning and Social CohesionWeak Governance and Social Cohesion and Its Impact on Violent Conflict in the Domestic governing of India, Pakistan and AfghanistaniistanBy Tasneem Winkler Assignment Question Domestic political science in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan atomic number 18 often marred by violent conflicts. formulate why this is so.It is no secret that the southmost Asian region is bingle of the most dangerous places on earth for its inhabitants with over 5000 fatalities in 2008 all told (Paul 2010, 113). Whilst rich in multiethnicity, culture and tradition, internecine hysteria over descriptor systems, religion and virulent bailiwickism deal been a constant front man in some provinces. Underlying these identity operator politics is a structural framework of a faltering memorial tablet appliance, stemming from initial political foundations laid in the region. These frail multidimensional devices pass on conditions for the powerful and urban elit e group to manipulate regional rivalry for their deliver political interests thus, perpetuating a unceasing cycle of violent struggle, with an absence seizure of bailiwick agreement. I argue that a weak foundation of governance structures and an absence of national identity is the profound cause for the chronic insecurity in India, Pakistan and Afghanistans domestic politics. This essay provide first provide a brief definition of governance. I allow for then explain how the failure to establish a unify favorable strategy from the outset, has made it difficult for from each one bow to forge a common identity. Finally, I will verbalise how a lack of national congruity has prevented governance structures to be strengthened.Communal support of government policies is dependent on the masses trust in the political system to provide security, services and infrastructure without bias, corruption or self-interest. In exchange, an active and liberate population engages together to resolve conflicts without violence. This state device is recognised as good governance. The World Bank defines governance as a series of norms and rules exercised by actors in the development of social and economic structures, and good governance as the mechanisms which operate this process (World Bank 1992, 1). Poor or weak beas of political stability, security, infrastructure and rule of law amongst another(prenominal)s, are the antithesis of this definition, and in Indias contingency has been exacerbated by political actors such as Bharatiya Janata Partys use of agitational politics, to rouse ethnoreligious tensity (Ganguly 2016, 124). Insecurity is heightened in all states by the Pakistan military and elites interventionist politics pickings advantage of the border and intra-tribal disagreements (Ganguly 2014, 19 Karim 2013, 3 Yamin 2015, 4). As well, the absence of in force(p) law and order mechanisms in Afghanistan continues to encourage terrorism, insurgency and int ervention by external powers (Ganguly 2014, 19). Further, the vast tracts of poverty in rural areas, widen the fling and create identity politics between provincials and political elite (20). As a result, this mistrust leads to a disconnected community with hostilities towards each other and the state, not helped when self-interested state responses to counter social friction is often ad hoc (Paul 2010, 7). Thus, the social fabric has no confidence in the state to peacefully resolve conflict and address the disparity between the populations.From Kashmir and Punjab to the Pashtun and Baluchistan regions, ethnic divisions are rampant and numerous. With weak to non-existing policies to foster social cohesion, state efficacy to manage ethnoreligious conflict peacefully continues to be evasive. While there is merit to the wrinkle that the irredentist conflict has links to ethnoreligious and secessionist concerns, a deeper examination reveals that in each state exists a fractured poli tical structure and an all-encompassing national disunity (Ganguly and attractive 2013, 125-17 Weinbaum 2009, 76, 86 Jones 2008, 11). It is this lack of social interconnection which undermines governance measures and contributes to a non-extant national political identity. Moreover, the fissures in these foundations can be led back to the arrangement of the region into independent states. Following the partition of British India in 1947, unlike its neighbour who inherited the British systems of governance, Pakistan was left to its own devices in politicising an identity (Ganguly and Fair 2013, 124). With the early demise of its founder, the fledgeling state began its foray into state building on a weak footing thus, always flunk to reach the potential to strengthen a distinct identity. Whilst India, with its fractured ethnic and soma divides, has fared considerably healthier economically (Ganguly 2007 46), it continues to struggle with Naxalite militant violence in the northeas t (Ahuja and Ganguly 2007, 252). In this exploited and impoverished rural area, land reforms are slow in repairing the fractured ethnic and class divide left over from British rule (257). The adopted British systems of governance built on colonial control failed to recognise that transitioning into autonomous governance by the states of a multi-ethnic, multi-sectarian and ethnoreligious rescript would require a uniform social rehabilitation. Consequently, in absence of a cohesive and unifying political strategy to construct an idiosyncratic but connecting identity, each provinces capacity to govern their multi-dimensional society was weakened and continues to be destabilising for the state.Both India and Pakistans national discourse grew out of the remnants of British India. Whilst Western nations have successfully adopted peaceful means of conflict re beginning, in the south-central Asian context, a similar approach has failed to construct institutions which allow multi-ethnic c ommunities a collective voice in the national polity. Similarly, the troubled Afghan regions have had too many influences from dissimilar demographics, such as the Soviet occupation through to the US invasion and interventionist politics from Pakistan, to adequately its own develop peaceful domestic instruments of law and order (Jones 2008, 11). The absence of natural infrastructure in rural areas has made it is difficult to summon those institutions for supporter during times of complex intra-tribal insecurity (20). As such, a fissured state apparatus will continue to crack under the pressure of violent conflict.In sum, what the states of Pakistan, India and Afghanistan have in common is the fault line of a missing identity in the formation of their governance structure. Without a collective and unifying governance apparatus, violence will continue to be a solution for a population disenfranchised and isolated from its elite. As shown, the mechanisms to form unity amongst the mu lti-dimensional demographics of the region has always been shaky due to the foundations laid at the outset. Appropriated governance measures from external societies prevented a unified political identity. This fractured instrument allowed the political actors to show their strength through acts of self-interest, further exacerbating the conflicts. Until such time unity with a national outlook encompassing all ethnic divisions is found, violence will continue to provide results for the political elite in all three states. Combined with the rise of religious fundamentalism, an impoverished and isolated society will continue to create recidivist violence to resolve differences. Lastly, the capacity to prevent violent recidivism lies in reconstructing the political foundation and security for each nation.Reference ListGanguly, Rajat, 2007. Democracy and Ethnic Conflict. In The State of Indias Democracy, edit by Sumit Ganguly, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, 45-66. Baltimore Johns H opkins University Press.Ganguly, Rajat. 2016. Politics, credential and Foreign Policy. In Routledge Handbook of modern-day India, edited by Knut Axel Jacobsen, 121-134. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge.Ahuja, Pratul., and Rajat Ganguly. 2007. The Fire Within Naxalite Insurgency force in India. Small Wars and Insurgencies 18 (2) 249-274. doi1080/09592310701400861Ganguly, Rajat, 2014. Security Issues in South Asia. In Europa Regional Surveys of the World South Asia, edited by Europa Publications,15-27. London and New York Routledge.Ganguly, Sumit., and C. Christine Fair. 2013. Structural Origins of Authoritarianism in Pakistan. Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 51 (1) 122-142. doi10.1080/14662043.2013.750064Jones, Seth G. 2008. The Rise of Afghanistans Insurgency State chastening and Jihad. International Security 32 (4) 7-40. JSTOR.Karim, Mahin. 2013. The Future of South Asian Security Prospects for a Nontraditional Regional Security Alliance. content Bureau of Asian R esearch. http//www.nbr.org/downloads/pdfs/PSA/NTS_projectreport_April2013.pdfPaul, T. V. 2010. South Asias Weak States Understanding the Regional Insecurity Predicament. calcium Stanford University Press. ProQuest Ebook Central.Weinbaum, Marvin G. 2009. Hard Choices in Countering Insurgency and Terrorism Along Pakistans North-West Frontier. journal of International personal business 63 (1) 73-88. ProQuest.World Bank. 1992. Governance and Development. http//documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/604951468739447676/pdf/multi-page.pdfYamin Saira. 2015. Pakistan National Security Dilemmas and Transition to Democracy. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 2 (1) 1-26. 10.1177/2347797014565289

Argumentative Essay: Gun Control Violates The Second Amendment of the Constitution :: Second Amendment The Right To Bear Arms

The U.S. should non have taw control laws. The help Amendment to the Constitution states that, A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a unloosen state, the right of the people to detention and bear arms shall not be infringed. This amendment has been around since 1791, and thither has been gun control almost as yearn as its been around. The National Rifle Association is an advocate of the Second Amendment and an enemy of those who propose restrictions on guns. Even Presidents Reagan and Bush are members, and Nixon, Eisenhower, and Kennedy were also members. why do people feel the need to own a pistol? One reason is heritage. For as long as this country has been around, there have been gun owners, to observe themselves and to hunt for food. Buying, owning, or carrying a pistol doesnt hurt anyone. Until a person commits a crime, he/she is free to discern what he/she wants to do. Even if guns were completely banned from the U.S.A., people would still s trike a way to get them. Criminals would get guns. They would have their way, and there would be nothing we could do about it. We would have no way to defend ourselves. What is gun control to you? To me, it is the unconstitutional regulation and banning of guns to try to keep the crime rates in this country down. Does it work? Some gun laws are okay and they may work to some extent, but not to the extent that was intended. As for most of these gun laws such as the Brady Law, it serves no purpose. It is only there to make our lawmaking bodies and those of us who are also naive to see the truth feel better. Do you really value that the Brady Law keeps handguns out of the hands of criminals?

chaucer :: essays research papers

Geoffrey ChaucerThe greatest poet of the Middle slope period was the son of a wealthy wine-merchant of powerful connections. As a boy he was a page to the Countess of Ulster, and later was employed as a valet in the Royal household. In 1359, serving with the English army in France, he was taken prisoner and King Edward III subscribed 16 upon the honorarium of his ransom. Thereafter he spent many years in the proceeds of his king. In 1372-3 he was sent to Genoa on a commercial explosive charge in 1374 he was appointed Comptroller of the Customs for the Port of capital of the United Kingdom in 1385 he was appointed Justice of the Peace for Kent and in 1386 he was elected Member of fan tan. His last years were spent at Greenwich, where he died in 1400. He was the first poet to be buried in what is flat known as Poets Corner in Westminster Abbey.Chaucers public career must(prenominal) have greatly enriched his observation and his stock of ideas. In Italy, he be himself in the mi dst of the flourishing Renaissance. Thus, he developed into a pre-Renaissance author addressing a medieval English audience.His works are conventionally split into three chronological groups his French period (to 1372), his Italian period (1372-1385) and his English period (1385-1400). In his French period, he wrote The Book of the Duchess and translated a life-sized fragment of Le Roman de la Rose,by Guillaumi de Lorris and Jean de Meung. In his Italian period, when Chaucer exhibits the influence of the great Italian writers, namely Boccaccio, he wrote The House of Fame, The Parliament of Fowls, Troilus and Criseyde and The Legend of Good Women.

White Bread Essay -- Observation Essay, Descriptive

White BreadThe bendable wrapper of a mess about of Wonder dents DItaliano white bread is colored brightly with the primary colors one associates with childhood and kindergarten game room activities. The swirling script lettering of the word DItaliano makes the bread seem someways more special than bread packaged with ordinary block lettering. On both ends of the shiny, clear wrapper, boldly colored round dots resembling bright balloons are arranged upon a blazing red background, conveying the joy and gladness the bread would bring to any sandwich and my fifteen-year-old life. Once, the bread represented a hopefulness and freshness that I hoped my life would someday acquire. However, the bread also served as a painful reminder of the dismal nature of our empty, barely paying(a) for flat that my single bugger off, sister, and I shared. The bread symbolized both the good and braggart(a) aspects of that particularly intense period on the one hand, the potential to be just like any other kid my age, but on the other, all the things our small family lacked and my inadequacy at being what I considered normal. ontogenesis up in New Jersey, my sister and I were raised without a father in the house throughout most of our childhood. My uneducated mother always held at least two jobs to provide the barest essentials such as a roof over our heads and food in the kitchen. She was usually use as a waitress or bartender, which meant late hours for her and a portion out of time alone for my sister and me. During my early teenage years, I recollect coming home from school on most days with a teenagers typically ravenous appetite. However, I usually pitch our kitchen disappointingly void of any kind of snack food. Although the refrigerator contained mai... ...sisters lovely face greeting me at the terminal gate, all my prohibit thoughts vanished, and I raced to hug her. During the visit, my mother and I went grocery shopping in concert at the same store I had frequented as a new-fangled teenager. The excursion seemed mostly uneventful until I spied the loaves of DItaliano bread piled atop the shelves in the bread aisle. For a moment, I was transported back to that empty apartment where I had endured the most unhappy times of my childhood. The irony of the situation was that I was reliving the past while standing with my mother. She picked up a loaf and tossed it into the cart unaware of the profound effect the bread had on me. She cancelled to me and said, You said you were hungry. Would you like me to fix you a tuna sandwich when we ask home? Stunned, I could only reply, Yes, that would be fine, and we moved on.

Should Section 28 Be Repealed? :: essays research papers

Recently, I noniced a adopt in my topical anaesthetic church that was to be sent to Donald Dewar opposing the repeal of section 28, which bans the promotion of homosexuality in schools. Many throng did not want their children and grandchildren to know anything roughly homosexuality. This made me think, should homosexuality be taught in Scottish schools?The response to section 28 has been very different in different parts of the country. Section 28 has never been used in court to stop a local authority doing anything. Although some local authorities have gone ahead and produced documents in partnership with organisations such as Stonewall youth project to support young lesbian, gay, cissy and transgender pupils, others have taken the opposite view. Perth and Kinross council refused to give a grant to Dundee Lesbian, animated and Bisexual Switchboard, specifically citing section 28 as a rationality for not giving a grant. Authorities responses have been different because se ction 28 is badly worded and, legally, does not mean anything at all its only ensnare is to act as a disincentive. Section 28 does not at once affect schools or teachers, just local authorities. Nevertheless, according to the "Playing it harmless" survey by the University of London, 56% of teachers surveyed said that they felt that section 28 pr publicationed them from giving such good advice and support to young lesbian, gay and emasculate pupils as they might otherwise be able to give. Young LGBT people do not have equal opportunities in education at the moment, neither in schools nor in college environments. The biggest single problem for young people, if you ask them, is that of bullying and harassment. It is something that affects LGBT pupils directly, but other people too. Anybody rouse be homophobically bullied - they do not have to be gay to be a victim of that. Bullying and harassment also affects people who have not do out as being gay. The effect on someone who has not come out in an environment where homophobic bullying is departure on all the time is to make him or her terrified approximately telling anyone that they are gay. One of the particular LGBT equality issues most much mentioned is an understanding of the importance of coming out. Coming out is a life-changing event for a young person, and it is very important that school staff understands the implications and can give support to people who are doing it or thinking about doing it.

The Dead Father :: The Dead Father Donald Barthelmeis Essays

The Dead arriveJerome Klinkowitzs remarkably insightful review of Donald Barthelmes work begins with an statement about an evening they spent together in Greenwich Village (Barthelmes home for most of his life as a writer), and how a absolutely Freudian remark by Barthelmes wife put a stop to the writers boorish moodWhy Donald, she said, your contracts is bigger than yours.She was referring to their respective biosin Whos Who in America. It is Klinkowitzs well-argued contention that Barthelmes mid-career novel The Dead Father (1975) not only gifts the high-water mark of his scientific discipline as a technical master of postmodern prose, but that it as well as embodies the central neurosis/inspiration driving nearly all his work, from his start-off published story, Me and Miss Mandible in 1961, to his last novel, Paradise (1986).(Though The exp unitynt is mentioned by Klinkowitz, it is clear he considers it to be barely part of the Barthelme canon.)For Klinkowitz, Barthelmes near-obsessive goal as a post-modernist is to bury his modernist father.For instance, Klinkowitz writes that, while at first off glance Me and Miss Mandible seems a perfectly Kafkaesque tale of a man awakening to grotesquely transformed circumstances, in accompaniment it is free of overweening anxiety and not painfully dedicated to existential mocking or angst ...1 Barthelmes first inclination is to laugh at rather than cream angrily against the forms and themes of an earlier style ...2Klinkowitz cites The Indian Uprising and The Balloon as oft-anthologized stories which epitomize Barthelmes work prior to The Dead Father pieces which came to represent the postmodern short story with all its socially savvy and technically sophisticated style, yet stories whose primary tone is comic rather than the bathetic existential dread of Barthelmes modernist precursors.Thus anxiety of influence is defused through drollery and exaggeration.Klinkowitz implies that, in Barthelme we have our first authentic American Beckett, but one in whose work optimism is neither desperate nor self-canceling. Skillfully mixing critique and biography, Klinkowitz demonstrates how Barthelmes life influenced his work how his time in the army as a service newspaper writer, and later as a packaging writer and editor prepared him to handle words and images as blocks of cloth rather than as purveyors of conceptions ...3But the use of autobiographical material makes a position beyond that relevant to critical biography.Klinkowitz argues that a consistent thematic in Barthelmes writing was life as text--and therefore text as some sort of incarnation of life.As Klinkowitz writes of his meeting with Barthelme in the village, Barthelme was firmly privileged his text.